of more than two syllables in Greek, have the accent on the last. Plutarch, in his Lives of the Ten Orators, relates that Demosthenes early in life introduced some pedantic and unusual modes of pronouncing particular words, which never failed to call forth the disapprobation of his audience: Ωμνυε δὲ καὶ τὸν ̓Ασκληπιὸν, προπαροξύνων Ασκλήπιον, καὶ παρεδείκνυεν αὑτὸν ὀρθῶς λέγοντα εἶναι γὰρ τὸν θεὸν ἤπιον· καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ πολλάκις élopußnon. (vol. iv. p. 391. ed. Wyttenbach.) What was the meaning of this disturbance, if all the Greeks laid the accent on the antepenultimate of Aokλýmoc? Dr. Gally cannot imagine that Demosthenes, who had been born and bred up in Athens, could be faulty in his accent. (Dissertation against Greek Accents, p. 127.) But his fault was not ignorance, but pedantry. He forgot that in these things usage must be paramount. John Kemble always made aches a disyllable in the verse of Shakspeare's 'Tempest,'

fill all thy bones with aches," and no doubt correctly, but as he could never persuade his audience to think so, ἐπὶ τούτῳ πολλάκις ἐθορυβήθη.

Ὁ λέγων περισπωμένως εὐγενὴς, τὸ μὲν σημαινόμενον φυλάττει, πταίει δὲ κατὰ τὴν προφορὰν, περισπωμένῃ χρώμενος ἀντὶ ὀξείας. Herodian, Περὶ Βαρβαρισμοῦ Kai Zoλoikioμov, printed at the end of Valckenaer's Ammonius, Lugd. Bat. 1739.) Valckenaer does not affix the name of the author, but it is shown to be Herodian by Villoison (Anecdot. Græc. vol. ii. p. 175, see Schoell, Histoire de la Litérature

Grecque profane. Paris, 1824. vol. v. p. 29.) Ιδοὺ γὰρ καὶ ἐπ ̓ ἄλλων συνθέσεων διάφοροι τόνοι ἐγένοντο ὀξύνεται τὸ ἐντελὴς, εὐειδὴς, ἀλλ ̓ οὐκέτι τὸ εὐμήκης, μεγακήτης, καθὸ τὸ Η ἔχει παρεδρευόμενον. (Apollonius. Syntax, ii. 31. p. 188.) I do not understand the reason given; but I think it more reasonable to suppose that Apollonius did, than to assert that he knew nothing of the matter, and that all these words had a barytone pronunciation. Again Apollonius tells us that all the compounds of ἔργον are oxytones, as μουσουργός, ἐλεφαντουργός, ὑπουργός. (De Pronom. p. 39.) So the demonstratives ἐκεινοσί, ουτοσί. (p. 45.) Φασὶ γὰρ, πᾶν ὄνομα ἁπλοῦν εἰς ΗΣ λήγον, ὀξύτονον, τουτὶ ἐξ ἀνάγκης σὺν τῷ Σ κατὰ τὴν γενικὴν ἐξενε χθήσεται, οἷον, εὐφυής ευφυοῦς, εὐσεβὴς εὐσεβοῦς, εὐκλεὴς εὐκλεους· τοίνυν καὶ τὸ εὐμενὴς ὀξυτόνως ἐκφερόμενον, παραπλησίως τούτοις διὰ τοῦ Σ, ἐπὶ τῆς γενικῆς προσενεκτέον, εὐμενους λέγοντας. (Sextus Empiricus ad Grammat. c. 10.) The great etymologist, on the word ταρφείας, says that Aristarchus makes it an oxytone like πυκνάς, but Dionysius Thrax a barytone like ταχείας. He adds that the latter mode was more strictly according to analogy, but that the reading (ἀνάγνωσις) οι Aristarchus had prevailed.

Eustathius on the word Φυλάκους (Hom. Il. Ω.) says that Aristarchus is said to pronounce it (προφέρειν) as an oxytone, and to lay it down as a canon, that adjectives of more than two syllables ending in xoc after the letter A, are oxytones; as

μαλακός, περδακός, φαρμακός, ἀνακός. (Ed. Basil. p. 1504.) Aristarchus also made παρειά an oxytone from παρειαὶ, as πλευρὰ from πλευραί, and πυρὰ from πυραί. (Eustath. ad Hom. Π. Γ. p. 285.)

So nouns of more than two syllables ending in ΣΤΗΣ which are derived from verbs: Τὰ εἰς ΣΤΗΣ ῥηματικά, ὅτε ἐστὶν ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβάς, ὀξύ νεται, εἰλαπιναστής, λιθαστής, θεριστής. (Apollonius De Adverb. Bekker. Anecdot. Græc. p. 545.) Ta εἰς Α λήγοντα ἐπιῤῥήματα ἢ ὀξύνεται, ὡς δηθά, καναχηδά, πυκνά· ἢ βαρύνεται, ὡς τάχα, λίγα, ἄντα, πρώτα. (Ibid. p. 562.) Apollonius, after taking up a page to prove that οὐδαμά ought to be an oxytone, concludes, Τοῖς δὴ τοιούτοις συμπαράκειται ἐπιῤῥήματα ὀξυνόμενα εἰς Α λήγοντα, πυκνός πυκνώς πυκνά, καλός καλῶς καλά· ὑγιὴς ἄρα ἡ τάσις κατὰ τὴν ὀξεῖαν ἐν τῷ οὐδαμά. (Ibid. p. 566.) Again he tells us that derivative adverbs ending in I are oxytones, and the instances he gives are ἀθεωρητί, ἀκονιτί, ἀμογητί, ἀκλαυτί, πανθοινί. (Ibid. p. 571.) The whole book of Apollonius 'On Adverbs,' treats so much of their accents, and lays down so many and sometimes so subtle rules for them, as to prove clearly the variety of the Greek accents. Eustathius on the word Ερυθράς (Hom. Il. Β.), says that Apion and Herodorus make it an oxytone like καλάς. (p. 202.)

In addition to these express authorities I would ask, How could the very word ὀξύτονον ever have found its way into the Greek language, if the thing which it describes had no place there? or

where would have been the need of such a distinction as ẞapúrovov, if the whole language had been barytone? How could the term avaßißaouòc have been applied at all to words of two syllables, if they had invariably the accent on the first? That term implies a transferring of the accent from its usual place to a prior syllable. But where the accent is already on the first syllable, how can any question arise whether it ought to be placed higher? and yet we find whole pages in the grammarians, and particularly in Apollonius, as to the propriety of the avaßißaouòc of words, many of which are disyllables, as περὶ and παρά. The reasons given are subtle, and not always intelligible to a modern scholar. But we need not enter into the merits of the dispute; the fact of the dispute having arisen is enough for the point I am now endeavouring to prove.

It may be worth observing, that many of the passages cited afford a more particular proof than that already given, that the mark (') at the end of a word must stand for an acute; because we find it marked over the last syllable of the very words which the grammarians call oxytones. General reasoning shows that repi must have an acute somewhere, and therefore probably on the last; but this becomes a certainty when we find particular testimony for its being an oxytone, in authors of competent knowledge, not one of whom gives the remotest hint that it is less an oxytone in the middle, than at the end, of a sen

tence. A great probability too is given to an oxytone pronunciation of some words, from their being used in totally different senses, though spelled in the same manner. Anuoc means people, or fat; bea, spectacle, or goddess; άywv, contest, or leading; according to its mark, and therefore probably to its pronunciation. The passage of Homer Οφρα σαώσης

Τρώας καὶ Τρωάς (Ιl. Χ. 56.),

in our monotonous manner of reading it, sounds like an unmeaning repetition.

We find many words used in different senses according to their accent, in Ammonius (Пepi Aiapóρwr Aétewv); and, though he wrote after the second century, he occasionally quotes grammarians of an earlier date; as for instance, Tryphon: Μισητὴ καὶ μισήτη διαφέρει παρὰ τοῖς Αττικοῖς ὡς φησι Τρύφων, ἐν δευτέρῳ περὶ ̓Αττικῆς προσωδίας· ἐὰν μὲν γὰρ ὀξυτονήσωμεν, σημαίνει τὴν ἀξίαν μίσους (καθὰ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ προφερόμεθα)· ἐὰν δὲ βαρυτονήσωμεν, τὴν καταφερῆ πρὸς συνουσίαν. (In voce Μισητή.) Here again the word προφερόμεθα shows, that he means the pronunciation, and not the marking, of the word.

Further, many words have the mark of the circumflex on the last syllable, which ought therefore to be raised in the pronunciation, though we be unable to give it the exact modification of sound which that mark requires. Apollonius says that adverbs ending in OY are circumflexed (TEρIOTATα), which expression always means that