the last syllable has a circumflex, in the same way as ὀξύνεται means that the last syllable has an acute; the instances he gives are, ὑψοῦ, τηλού, ἀγχοῦ, αὐτοῦ. (De Adverb. in Bekker. Anecdot. Græc. p. 587.)

So adverbs in OI, as Μεγαροι, Ισθμοῖ, ἐνταυθοῖ. (Ibid. p. 588.) ο πλακούς, because it is contracted from πλακόεις, as τυρόεις τυρούς, σησαμόεις σησαμους. (Athen. xiv. 644.) One of the guests in Athenæus, reproaching the morals of his companion, says, Σὺ δὲ, ὦ σοφιστὰ, ἐν τοῖς καπηλείοις συναναφύρῃ οὐ μετὰ ἑταίρων, ἀλλὰ μετὰ ἑταιρῶν. (xiii. p. 567.) How could any effect, or indeed any meaning, be given to this satire, without laying an accent on the last syllable of the last word ? Solon in a scholium on Homer (II. E. 656), says: Ο μὲν ̓Αρίσταρχος τὸ ἁμαρτῇ χωρὶς τοῦ Ι γράφει καὶ ὀξύνει. Οἱ δὲ περὶ Ἡρωδιανὸν περισπώσι, καὶ προσγράφουσι. (Valckn. Animadversion. ad Ammonium. p. 241.) Here the only point in difference between these great critics and grammarians was the kind of accent to be laid on the last syllable; but to lay it on the middle syllable, as we do, did not occur to either of them.

Plutarch, in his life of Theseus, has the following passage: Καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς Ερμον, ἄνδρα τῶν Αθήνησιν εὐπατριδῶν· ἀφ ̓ οὗ καὶ τόπον Ερμοῦ καλεῖν οἰκίαν τοὺς πυθοπολίτας· οὐκ ὀρθῶς τὴν δευτέραν συλλαβὴν περισπώντας καὶ τὴν δόξαν ἐπὶ θεὸν ἀπὸ ἥρωας μετατιθέντας. How is any sense to be made of this passage, but by supposing that the genitive

of Epuoc had the accent on the first syllable, and the genitive of Epunc, Mercury, on the second?

There are, in the first ten verses of the manuscript of Theophilus, eighty-two words of more than one syllable, of which eleven have an acute, and thirteen a circumflex on the last; this exactly agreeing with what Quinctilian says of the variety of the Greek accent, as contrasted with the monotony of the Latin, in which "Ultima syllaba nec acuta unquam excitatur, nec flexa circumducitur," makes it in the highest degree improbable that all these marks on the last syllable should be wrong at any rate, it is impossible that our accentuation of the Greek language in general can be right, inasmuch as we make every polysyllable a barytone, and elaborately introduce into Greek that very monotony which Quinctilian observes with regret to be inseparable from the Latin.

Having thus shown that many polysyllables are accented on the last syllable, I have a right, on the authority of the manuscript of Theophilus, confirmed as it is by the two others, and by the Oxford and Leipsic editions, to assume that rooi is one of those words, till it can be shown, either that the monotonous accentuation which Quinctilian deprecated, is the true one, or that, though there be oxytones among the polysyllables, woλλoì is not one of them. Why the Greeks should lay the accent on the las syllable of πολλοί, and on the first of λόγοις,

I will endeavour to explain when I sufficiently understand why the English say hollow and bestów. It was so because usage would have it so language in all its bearings is very arbitrary, and can seldom be explained by the eternal fitness of things. For the same reason that we lay the accent on the second syllable of Todλoi, we shall of course lay it on the second of repi, and all other words marked in the same

manner.

DISYLLABLES.

8. We see that the accentuation of the oxytones, if not entirely arbitrary, depends upon various rules, many of them subtle, and some of them disputed. The rules for the accents of barytone words are more simple and regular. A disyllable barytone, since it must have an accent, must of course have that accent on its first syllable. In what cases this accent is to be an acute, and in what a circumflex, it is of little importance to inquire, until we know how to make the proper distinction between them in pronunciation it is enough for our present purpose to know, that the first syllable of ex and of Snμoc must be raised, because we find a mark on it. I have considered the question to be one of choice, which of the two syllables of the word is to be raised. This may be the fittest place to observe, that to raise both, though not physically impossible, would be against the analogy of all

language. Cicero indeed assumes it as a law of nature, that no word is to have more than one acute (above, p. 104). That the rule obtained at least in Greek we learn from Dionysius: Taîc dè πολυσυλλάβοις, οἷαί ποτ ̓ ἂν ὦσιν, ἡ τὸν ὀξὺν τόνον ἔχουσα μία ἐν πολλαῖς βαρείαις ἔνεστι. (xi. 78.)

TRISYLLABLES.

9. In words of more than two syllables, not oxytones, we shall no longer find conflicting and arbitrary decisions, but a systematic rule, though liable to some exceptions; and all words of more than two syllables, of whatever length, may be classed together, the rule being that the accent is never placed further back than the third syllable from the end. Cicero ventures to lay it down in a passage already cited, to be a law of nature, that the accent is never to be further carried back; which is at least a proof that this rule obtained in the Latin and Greek. That a further carrying back of the accent involves no iusúperable difficulty, is proved by our English pronunciation. But the Greeks never carried it so far back themselves, and would no doubt have considered as barbarians any nation who did; accordingly, to avoid circumlocution, when I speak of the accents of trisyllables, I intend that term to be understood of all words of more than two syllables. Not that I think it likely, nor indeed possible, that in a very long word all the syllables but one can have been equally depressed.

In oλßiodaipur, for instance, the first syllable, though grave as compared with the fourth, was most likely more elevated than the second and third. But for the ordinary purposes of pronunciation, it is sufficient to say, that there is but one accent to each trisyllable, and that accent, supposing the word not to be an oxytone, is laid either on the last syllable but one, or the last but two, according to the following rules :- When the last syllable is long, the word has its accent on the last but one, or penultimate (apočúverat); and when the last is short, the word has its accent on the last but two, or antepenultimate (πρожαρоčúvетαι). There are in the twenty verses of the manuscript of Theophilus, fifty words of more than two syllables with the last syllable long, after deducting Hebrew proper names, abbreviations, and words accented on the last syllable. Of these fifty, there are thirty-six which have the mark on the last but one. There are, after making similar deductions, forty-one words of more than two syllables, having the last short all of these except seven have the mark on the antepenultimate. Of the seven exceptions, ἐπειδήπερ, καθότι and διότι are rather apparent than real; being compounded of two or more words, they might be written separately, ἐπειδή περ, καθ' ὅ, τι and δι' ὅ, τι. Προφανὲς οὖν γενήσεται, ὡς εἴη ἐν τρισὶ μέρεσι λόγου, προθέσεως τῆς διὰ κατὰ συνδεσμικὴν σύνταξιν φερομένης ἐπ ̓ αἰτιατικὴν, καὶ παραλλήλων δύο πτωτικῶν, τοῦ ὃ καὶ