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is true, that he often exposed himself to censure; as when, in the heat of his gratitude for the services rendered in the campaign against the barbarians by some thousand of the inhabitants of Camerinum, a town in Umbria, he endowed them all with citizenship, declaring, on being afterwards called to account for his unwarranted munificence, that he had not heard the law amid the noise of arms.73 But though he gave his adversaries occasion to assail him on open grounds, it might have been remembered, in his extenuation, that he had done more service to his country than any man alive, and that his age, now seven-and-fifty years, would naturally dispose him to obstinacy in his own impressions, however faulty or ill-starred.

The venom with which he was nevertheless pursued took effect in his rude and jealous soul; and when Saturninus assumed the leadership of the populace against the faction which, with Metellus Numidicus at its head, was turning the small measure of human kindness in Marius to bitter gall, the old man joined the young man in his seditions. One of his earlier nominations to the consulship" had been strenuously supported, and at his own request, by Saturninus, then in his first tribuneship; and so thoroughly was their subsequent alliance prepared and finally cemented, that, in the canvass upon which

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73 Plut., Mar., 28. So Val. oportebat." Cf. Cic., Pro Balb., Maximus, who adds (V. 2. 8) : — "Et sane id tempus tunc erat quo inagis defendere quam audire leges VOL. II. 38

74 That for A. C. 102, his fourth term.

See Plut., Mar., 14.

they engaged together, the one was as free of his bribes to be made Consul75 as the other was reckless of his crimes to be appointed Tribune. Immediately after their irruption into their respective offices, the Tribune preferred a bill, under the title of Agrarian, to divide the lands in Gaul, first conquered and then lost by the Cimbri and their followers, among the soldiers, Roman and Italian, of the Commonwealth; 76 a clause being attached to exact the adherence of the Senate to the bill within five days, under penalty of fine and degradation." A more artful measure could not have been proposed. It contented the populace, delighted the soldiery, and embarrassed the Senate ; while Marius was further flattered by being designated as the commissioner to whom the division and the settlement of the lands were to be intrusted, with the unusual privilege of bestowing the full rights of citizenship upon three individuals in every colony that should be formed.78 But the craftiness of calculation apparent in the bill of Saturninus was not nearly so amazing as the extravagant and passionate ambition by which it had evidently been framed; and none could doubt that it was the first move in the game of the Tribune and the Consul for overpowering authority.

Even the faction they led hesitated to follow them, when the direction of their efforts was made more

75 Rutilius, ap. Plut., Mar., 28. A trustworthy authority, if the story of his trial (Cic., De Orat., I. 53; Val. Max., II. 10. 5; and Vell. Pat., II. 13) be true.

76 App., Bell. Civ., I. 29. De Vir. Ill., LXXIII.

77 Appian., loc. cit.
78 Cic., Pro Balb., 21.

manifest. In the midst of the doubts and the agitations of their opponents, on the proposal of the bill before the Tribes, a peal of thunder, an evil omen at which an assembly always dispersed, was declared to have been heard. "It shall hail," cried Saturninus, "if ye be not silent";79 and a brutal riot ensued, in which the bill was passed. Marius averred in the Senate, that he would not swear to the law, according to the clause requiring their adhesion within five days; but if he really had any momentary compunction concerning the violence of his partisans, he was the first, when the fifth day arrived, to take the oath as Consul. Metellus Numidicus, who denied from the beginning that he would obey a law thus forced upon the Senate, and equally upon the people, refused, at the last, to break his resolution, and, with a firmness worthy of greater respect than it received, went into voluntary exile.80 The enmity of the Tribune and of the Consul against him was appeased.

But it was yet too soon for such a triumph as theirs to be of any duration in the Commonwealth. Saturninus, indeed, went on to renew the law of Caius Gracchus, concerning the distribution of grain, this time at a merely nominal price.81 He also united with Servilius Glaucia in promoting the bills brought forward by this notorious Prætor, as though he himself had been immaculate, against bribery and corruption, of which, however, the main object seems to

79 De Vir. Ill., LXXIII.

81 Cic. (if the work be his), Ad 80 App., Bell. Civ., I. 30, 31. Herenn., I. 12. Plut., Mar., 29.

have been the reëstablishment of the Knights in exclusive possession of judicial authority. Meanwhile, the support of Marius was either gradually or suddenly withdrawn from his confederates, against whom, for reasons now unfathomable, he was presently in open opposition. In the most uncharitable view of his character, it may be surmised that he was disappointed at the ill-success of the first schemes in which he had engaged with his sometime associates, and angered, perhaps, at the little concern they showed to devote themselves entirely to his service. It would be gentler, perhaps juster, to believe that the preserver of his country in time of war was for the moment convinced of the wickedness of sedition. in time of peace.

At the approach of the next elections, Saturninus, yet young, impassioned, and resolved, again presented himself as a candidate before the Tribes, with a youth, professing to be the son of Tiberius Gracchus, whose association bade fair to make up for the withdrawal of Marius's support. Two years previously, in Saturninus's first tribunate, the attempt had been made to pass off the same person, who, as all men

82 Cic., Pro Balbo, 23, 24; In Verr. Act. II., I. 9. Servilius Glaucia is supposed to have repealed the law of Servilius Cæpio restoring the judicial authority to the Senate; yet it appears impossible to draw any exact inference from the only reliable passage to be adduced, viz., that in Cic., Brut., 62, which is just as susceptible of

being applied to the laws against bribery, etc., merely, as to any judicial reforms. There is no doubt, however, but that the law of Cæpio, if it really ordered the selection of judges to be made from the Senate, was very soon afterwards repealed. See note 55 in this, and note 18 in the next chapter.

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knew, or might have known, was one Equitius, a runaway slave, for one of the Gracchi. Though then denied by Sempronia, the still surviving sister of Caius and Tiberius, as well as by the Censors, on whose acknowledgment his registry as a citizen depended, the impostor had shown sufficient spirit to deceive the populace, readier themselves than could have been imagined to be deceived; and he was now brought out to serve the purposes of the Tribune, equally wary and audacious in his designs. On the reappearance of the pretender in the train of Saturninus and as a candidate for the tribuneship, he was ordered by Marius to prison; but the mob broke into the place of his confinement, and, after bearing him away triumphant, elected both him and Saturninus to be their Tribunes. Meanwhile, the other leader in the recent and present seditions, Servilius Glaucia, was aiming higher, at the consulship, and on being opposed at the election, in the Centuries, notwithstanding the triumph of his confederates in the Tribes, he caused his more favored competitor, Caius Memmius, to be slain in open day.97

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But the party which had been strong enough to elect Memmius, one of the most honest citizens yet left in Rome, was resolute enough to avenge his murder and to stay the havoc thus cried and repeatedly

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