Tribune and the necessity of preventing his reëlection, when the Chief Pontiff, Scipio Nasica,49 rose to upbraid the Consul Scævola-who, as was observed, had favored the proposal of the Agrarian lawwith treachery to the Commonwealth, calling, as he grew warmer and was more vehemently applauded by the Tribune's enemies, upon all who listened, to follow him straighway to the Capitol.50 Nearly the whole Senate poured out after him, and, with such arms and followers as they could obtain, dashed into the midst of the assembly, where the partisans of Tiberius had just before expelled their adversaries by violence. A few blows were exchanged; but the people fled; and Tiberius, who had some time before lost all presence of mind, was murdered as he endeavoured to escape. His body, with those of three hundred others, slain around him, was thrown into the Tiber by night, and the credit of his assassination, as if, says his compassionate biographer, it were a notable deed, was disputed amongst his murder

He fell after little more than six months 53 had been allowed him to confront the contumacy of the rich and the greediness of the poor in Rome. Some men, sure to scorn or disagree with him, whatever he

49 His grandfather was the firstcousin of Africanus and Asiaticus.

50 Vell. Pat., II. 3. Plut., Tib. Gr., 19. Alas that Cicero should so often have praised Nasica's deed! De Off., I. 22, 30, etc.

52 Plut., Tib. Gr., 19. The first blow was dealt by one of his own colleagues.

53 66

Regnavit " a taunting word, unworthy of him who used itis quidem paucos menses."

51 App., Bell. Civ., I. 16. Plut., Cic., De Amicit., 12. Tib. Gr., 20.

66

had done, would join their voices to that of his brother-in-law, Scipio Africanus, then absent in command of the siege of Numantia, and pronounce the murder of Tiberius to be a righteous retribution. for his deeds.54 Others would remember him more justly, and declare, that, whatever he had left undone, he was too true a friend to the people, too true a citizen to the Commonwealth, to have been so distrusted, hated, and destroyed. It seems as if this better spirit were almost immediately awakened after his assassination. When Blossius, his confidential adviser, was examined before the Consuls concerning his connection with the murdered Tribune, he confessed to having obeyed all the requests or commands of Tiberius in his last unhappy days. What," asked the Pontiff Scipio Nasica, as eager to convict the counsellor as to slay the reformer, "what if he had bid thee burn the Capitol?" "That he would never have done," was the reply. "But if he had so ordered thee?" persisted the Pontiff. "Then," returned the faithful friend, "then it would have been a right thing to do; for Tiberius was not a man to order it except for the common good.' The affection of the people returned to the memory of their martyr; 56 and Nasica was obliged to go into voluntary exile in order to escape the odium that attached itself to him as the persecutor. But the only reparation befitting the memory of the dead was, that the cause for which he had died should not

54 Plut., Tib. Gr., 21. 55 Ibid., 20.

9955

56 App., Bell. Civ., I. 17.

be forgotten, and that some one, more stanch, if not more fortunate, should imitate and improve the example of his patriotism and his benevolence.

The successor was nearer than may have been imagined either by the proud nobility, as the rich men may be called, or by the variable and wellnigh venal people. Educated under the same influences and by the same instructors, but endowed with more shining talents 57 and more ardent energy, Caius Gracchus had been, as we have conjectured, his brother's supporter and exciter in the later events of his unfortunate career. There is no appearance, it is true, of his having been by the side of Tiberius in his last moments; but there is the greater reason to surmise that the massacre in the Capitol was felt to be partly his own crime; for he had instigated Tiberius to seek his reëlection, and yet had not been with him to speak, to fight, to die in his behalf. Caius did not hide himself, but came forward to request his brother's corpse, that he might bury it, not, indeed, as became the memory of a Gracchus or a Scipio, but by night, 59 as suited the fate of one who had been murdered by his countrymen. This request being denied, Caius withdrew from the Forum and the public haunts of men,59 unable to prevent the confiscations, banishments, and murders to which his brother's friends were exposed, but cherishing the

58

memory of Tiberius, and of the love that had been between them, as the inspiration of his future life.

As one of the commissioners under the Agrarian law, Caius Gracchus was still obliged, it should rather be said desirous, to take an earnest part in upholding the work which had cost Tiberius his life. But though he appears to have had the zealous coöperation of his fellow-commissioners,60 the law could not be put into execution against the continued opposition, not only of the rich men in Rome, but of the upper classes throughout Italy. When Scipio Africanus returned from Numantia,61 the year after the death of his brother-in-law, he was entreated to overthrow the law and its commissioners; and his assumption of the cause to which he naturally inclined, though not from the selfish motives that actuated most men on the same side, was a serious barrier to any further progress on the part of Caius or his supporters. Once openly interrogated by Caius himself or by Fulvius Flaccus, then upon the Agrarian commission, as to his opinion of Tiberius's fate, Africanus replied as openly, that it was what he had deserved; 62 and his determination to resist the successors of the Tribune was afterwards more man

60 Crassus Mucianus, who suc- The troubles of the commission may ceeded Nasica in the pontificate, be read in App., Bell. Civ., I. 18, took the place of Tiberius Gracchus 19. on the commission. He was fatherin-law to Caius. Crassus and the other commissioner, Claudius, dying soon after, were replaced by Fulvius Flaccus and Papirius Carbo, both friends of the Gracchi.

61 Which fell after a dreadful siege, and was most barbarously destroyed, in A. C. 133.

62 Liv., Epit. LIX. Plut., Tib. Gr., 21.

ifestly proved by his efforts in securing the appointment of one of the Consuls to hear appeals from the judgments of the Agrarian commissioners. The Consul did not long sustain the charge; but the commissioners were forced to suffer their law to rest, as if its utmost capacity had been tried, and in vain.63

64

Some years, however, were spent while these disputes continued; nor was it, perhaps, until near their close, that the part of Scipio was so decisive as to bring upon him the odium of any active opposition to his brother-in-law's designs. But when, one day, Papirius Carbo, the colleague of Flaccus and Caius Gracchus on the commission, again 65 inquired of Scipio, then busily and successfully exerting himself against the Agrarian law, what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he answered, more moderately, indeed, than before, yet with the same sentiments, that, if his brother-in-law had acted with any hostile intentions towards the Commonwealth, he had been lawfully put to death. The people cried out against him; but he retorted fiercely,-"So ye, mere stepsons as ye are of Italy, imagine that ye can move me by your clamor, me, whom no clamor of your enemies has ever terrified!" 66 Even if he told the truth, that

63 App., De Bell. Civ., I. 19. The accounts of these hostilities between Scipio and the leaders of the opposite party are very much confused; and the version in the text must not be too far trusted.

64 A. C. 132 - 129.

supposed Scipio to have been questioned more than once on this point. Compare Vell. Pat., II. 4, with the preceding and following references. 66 Vell. Pat., II. 4. Cf. De Vir. Ill., LVIII.; Val. Max., VI. 2. 3; Plut., Apophth., Tom. VI. p. 760,

65 See notes 62 and 63. I have ed. Reiske.