upon the services they were bound to render. The condition of the Latin colonies, heretofore described, would exactly match that of the entire Latin Name, but for the fact that many of the colonies were invested with superior privileges as citizens.

The Latin Name, as an inferior estate to the conquered people, whose lot has been previously recounted, was generally joined with the allies 54 in the enumeration of the subjects whom Rome obtained in Italy. The union of the latter, like that of the former class, with the Romans, would be more appropriately termed a surrender instead of an alliance; a large extent of their territory being generally seized, and the services required from the Latin or the colonist being augmented rather than diminished in respect to the allied state. Nor was the preservation of their laws and governments available to secure the so-called allies against complete submission; and it is singular to remark, that they who had the title of Free 55 were less independent than those called the Federate Allies,56 in respect to the common head of all. Even the forms of the institutions which they were permitted to observe were often altered by influences they could not escape, or by open commands they dared not disobey; and it sometimes seems as if the Roman policy had been pursued to disgust the Italian allies, with whom alone we are here concerned, to such a degree, as to make them seek

54" Socii [ac] nomen Latinum." Liv., XXI. 55, etc.

55 Socii liberi.
56 Socii fœderati.

incorporation in the Commonwealth on the same nominal terms to which others were reduced before or after them. It may often have happened, in consequence, that a people would, as of its own accord, subscribe their allegiance to the great Roman dominion.57

The disasters of Volsinii, a renowned Etruscan city,58 soon after its submission and alliance to Rome, are among the instances, which might have been oftener recorded than they were, of the evils from which many of the allies must have suffered. After their conquest, the Volsinians fell victims to luxury and indolence, which it was harder for them to resist, in the day of their degradation, than it had ever been, in the day of their independence, to withstand the Roman arms. Through means and for purposes of which there is no clear account,59 the slaves of the city were liberated and elevated, while the masters sank into the former condition of the slaves, who, as was natural, ran riot in the midst of enormities it is useless to describe. The helpless Volsinians sent secretly to Rome for aid; and though an army under the command of Fabius Gurges, then Consul for

57 This was called "Fundus fieri." Cic., Pro Balb., 8. But it is a condition hardly to be distinguished from that of the Socii Fœderati, mentioned in the preceding note. It was an entirely different affair when an allied or a subject state adopted a single law. See Cic., loc. cit., and consult Heinecc., Antiq. Rom., Adpend., Lib. I. cap. 2, sect. 88.

58 Erat opulenta, erat moribus et legibus ornata," etc. Val. Max., IX. 1, sect. 2.

59 Zonaras (VIII. 7) says the administration of public affairs was abandoned to the slaves, because of the indolence of their masters. Cf. De Vir. Illust., XXXVI.

the third time,60 was able to rout and punish the wretched creatures who had abused their freedom, it was more than any general or any army could achieve to raise the sunken hopes or to reform the corrupted habits which, as natural results of conquest, had brought the Volsinians so low.

The time was at hand when the dominion of Rome and the degradation of her subjects were coextensive throughout the heathen world. The desolation of the vanquished was not the less the consequence than their submission was the beginning of the triumph to which the victors were called amongst the ancient nations. But the Italians, of whom a large number were to serve with the Romans, and as the Romans, in the career of conquest and abasement of which the first steps had been taken when the settlers on the Palatine fought for the Capitoline hill, were not, of course, so much the objects as the instruments of the afflictions yet to be wrought in the name of Rome. It seemed enough that they should be reduced to strict dependence, but, at the same time, induced to seek a nearer connection with their conquerors rather than to desire a dissolution of their bonds. We have seen how thoroughly they were humbled; we have yet to watch the effects of their new situation, and to learn if the old homes and the laws of their fathers will be forgotten in the wider prospects opening before them, though they stood be

60 A. C. 265. Zonaras, VIII. 7.

Florus, I. 21. and the loss of their general. Florus and Zonaras, ut supra.

61 Though not without difficulty

low, and not upon, the seven hills. The words on the tomb of Scipio," He took Taurasia, Cisauna in Samnium, he subdued all Lucania, and brought away hostages,' -read like a prophecy respecting

62

the submissiveness of the Italians.

62

"Taurasia Cisauna

Samnio cepit, subigit omne Loucana, opsidesque abdoucit."

Orelli, Inscr. Lat., 550.

CHAPTER XII.

THE WARS WITH CARTHAGE.

....

"It is easy to imagine... all men raising their spirits to a height too proportionable, as though they should now go through all the work without farther opposition."-CLARENDON, Hist. Rebellion, Book VII.

"The ruin of the goodliest pieces of the world foreshows the dissolution of the whole.”. RALEIGH, Hist. World, Pt. I. Book V. ch. 1. sect. 2.

DURING the last years of the Italian wars, when the power of the Commonwealth was fast increasing, and the courage of its enemies was faster failing, there occur several instances of intercourse with foreign nations, as if glances were already sent abroad for greater victories than had yet been achieved. On one occasion, an affront to some ambassadors from Apollonia' was expiated by the delivery of the offenders, though a Senator and an Ædile,2 in order, apparently, to prove the honor of the Romans in sight of strangers. At another time, an embassy was despatched as far as Egypt to contract an alliance proposed by the Egyptian monarch; and the distinction of the citizens3 selected for the mission

1 On or near the Grecian shore, opposite to Italy.

2 A. C. 266. Zonaras, VIII. 7. Liv., Epit. XV. Val. Max., VI. 6. 5. The people of Apollonia were wise enough to return their prisoners unharmed.

VOL. II.

14

3 A. C. 275. The three were Fabius Gurges, Q. Ogulnius, and Fabius Pictor (son of the artist). Val. Max., IV. 3. 9. Liv., Epit. XIV.