The Economic Interpretation of History: (lectures Delivered in Worcester College Hall, Oxford, 1887-8)T. Fisher Unwin, 1888 - 547 стор. |
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Сторінка 14
... farmer , when his work on his small holding was done , was ready to better himself by taking work . All , as I have said , paid rent , in money , in kind , or in labour ; but in the historical period , the labour , rents , and ...
... farmer , when his work on his small holding was done , was ready to better himself by taking work . All , as I have said , paid rent , in money , in kind , or in labour ; but in the historical period , the labour , rents , and ...
Сторінка 16
... farmer's property and profits were as secure as the landlord's domain . In this the condi- tion of the English peasant was in marked contrast to the lot of the French roturier and the Teutonic bauer . There was but a small surplus ...
... farmer's property and profits were as secure as the landlord's domain . In this the condi- tion of the English peasant was in marked contrast to the lot of the French roturier and the Teutonic bauer . There was but a small surplus ...
Сторінка 28
... farmer . Under 31 Ed . III . statute 1 , caps . 2 and 7 , the fines enacted for breaches of the statute were to go to the lords , and London , the Cinque Ports , and all other franchises were brought under the general law . The office ...
... farmer . Under 31 Ed . III . statute 1 , caps . 2 and 7 , the fines enacted for breaches of the statute were to go to the lords , and London , the Cinque Ports , and all other franchises were brought under the general law . The office ...
Сторінка 48
... farmer . But I shall have occasion hereafter to dwell on this at more length and with more precision , when I handle the economic history of rent . At present I need only say that rent is the result of two forces . Ordinary economists ...
... farmer . But I shall have occasion hereafter to dwell on this at more length and with more precision , when I handle the economic history of rent . At present I need only say that rent is the result of two forces . Ordinary economists ...
Сторінка 53
... farmer reaps full six bushels an acre , he is cultivating at a loss , giving reasons for his estimate . This series of four years ' produce precedes the great change in occupancy which I referred to as occurring in the middle of the ...
... farmer reaps full six bushels an acre , he is cultivating at a loss , giving reasons for his estimate . This series of four years ' produce precedes the great change in occupancy which I referred to as occurring in the middle of the ...
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Загальні терміни та фрази
Adam Smith agriculture alleged ancient assessment Bank of England borrow British called capital causes cent charge colonies Corn Laws cost course Crown estate currency customs debt doubt Dutch duty early economical economists effect eighteenth century employer English Europe exceedingly exchange experience exports fact farmers fifteenth century Flanders foreign France freight French gold grants Henry Henry VIII imports income industry interest king labour laissez faire land landowners lecture levied liabilities loans Lollards London Lord manufacture means ment merchants nation paid Parliament perhaps persons political poor practice principle produce profit protection Protectionist purchase Quarter Sessions railways reason reign rent revenue secure seignorage seventeenth century silver sole market statute Statute of Labourers supply Tandridge taxation tenant tion towns trade United Kingdom wages wealth Whigs workmen
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Сторінка 117 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 386 - But it cannot be expected that individuals should, at their own risk, or rather to their certain loss, introduce a new manufacture, and bear the burden of carrying it on until the producers have been educated up to the level of those with whom the processes are traditional. A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, might sometimes be the least inconvenient mode in which the nation can tax itself for the support of such an experiment.
Сторінка 386 - The only case in which, on mere principles of .political economy, protecting duties can be defensible, is when they are imposed temporarily (especially in a young and rising nation) in hopes of naturalizing a foreign industry, in itself perfectly suitable to the circumstances of the country.
Сторінка 386 - IN WHICH, ON MERE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, PROTECTING DUTIES CAN BE DEFENSIBLE, Is when they are imposed temporarily (especially in a young and rising nation) in hopes of naturalizing a foreign industry, in itself perfectly suitable to the circumstances of the country. The superiority of one country over another in a branch of production, often arises only from having begun it sooner. There may be no inherent advantage on one part, or disadvantage on the other, but only a present superiority...
Сторінка 339 - ... possessed a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic. This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only. It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire ; not a gold mine, but the project of a gold mine ; a project which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if pursued in the same way as it has been hitherto, is likely to cost, immense...
Сторінка 11 - ... of price in all Eastern products, at the close of the first quarter of the sixteenth century, and found that it must have come from the conquest of Egypt. The river of commerce was speedily dried up. The cities which had thriven on it were gradually ruined, at least in so far as this source of their wealth was concerned. The Nile became flumen t'j'otiim Hedo in a commercial sense, and the trade of the Danube and the Rhine ceased. The Italian cities fell into rapid decay.
Сторінка 338 - The rulers of Great Britain have, for more than a century, past, amused the people with the imagination that they possessed a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic. This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only. It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire...
Сторінка 110 - War the most disastrous struggle in which France was ever engaged. For all the wars in Europe, from the Peace of Utrecht to the outbreak of the great Continental War, were waged on behalf of monopolies of commerce, or, to be more accurate, monopolies of market, for success meant the exclusion of the beaten nation from the markets now secured by the victorious rival. At the end of the Seven Years' War France was stripped of nearly every colony she possessed.
Сторінка 11 - The cities which had thriven on it were gradually ruined, at least in so far as this source of their wealth was concerned, and the trade of the Danube and Rhine ceased. The Italian cities fell into rapid decay. The German nobles, who had got themselves incorporated among the burghers of the free cities, were impoverished, and betook themselves to the obvious expedient of reimbursing their losses by the pillage of their tenants. Then came the Peasants' war, its ferocious incidents, its cruel suppression,...