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principle be true, that capital will force its way into those employments which yield more than the ordinary rate of profit, it will be impossible to maintain the monopoly and the high charges of the old companies.'*

The fares on British Railways are higher than on any other European lines. The first-class fares are sixty-three per cent higher than those on the French and German railways, seventyfive per cent higher than the Belgian, one hundred per cent higher than the Italian, and one hundred and sixty per cent higher than on the Danish lines. The second-class fares are fifty per cent higher than those of France and Germany, and one hundred and twenty per cent higher than those of Belgium and Denmark. They are one hundred per cent higher than those of Italy. The thirdclass fares are sixty-six per cent higher than in Belgium, one hundred per cent higher than in Denmark and Italy, thirty-three per cent higher than in Germany, and fourteen per cent higher than in France. In no other country are the working-classes conveyed in a manner so discreditable to humanity, and to the true interests of the carriers themselves. In short, it is evident that the abuses which have at all times and every where attended monopolies, have already manifested themselves in our Railway management, and are certain to augment, to the great prejudice of the public.

It would be folly to close our eyes upon the fact, that the British public has committed a serious error, in permitting the Legislature to proceed from session to session, in the course of legislation which has prevailed in regard to railways. With an enlightened public, a vigilant and free press, an unrestricted right of discussion and petition, and the habit of the legislature to wait for the expression of public sentiment on such matters, it would be unjust to throw upon Parliament, or the administrations of the day, the exclusive blame of the mistake that has been committed. The public itself must bear the principal share of that blame. What is the actual state of the case? A new method of intercommunication was discovered, infinitely exceeding all former methods in cheapness, expedition, certainty, and regularity. Surely this rare opportunity ought to have been seized, to procure the establishment by law of a suitable administrative body, under which a prudent system of inland communication might be constructed. But what, in fact, has been done? In this, the most active country in the world, with a press absolutely free, with unparalleled facilities for the diffusion of knowledge, and the most perfect of all representative governments, we have passively surrendered the entire system of national

* Morrison, p. 12.

highways, without a single practicable reservation or exception, into the hands of a number of private individuals, to deal with us and our posterity, so far as respects our intercourse with each other, as may seem best to them and their heirs, now and for ever. England has ceased to possess highways. The country is intersected only by roads, which no one can use except by the permission and on the conditions prescribed by their owners! Although it be not till the eleventh hour, still, the attention of Parliament has been called to this most important subject; and measures are in progress which, it may be hoped, will correct these evils, as far as retrospective legislation can correct them. The right of Parliament to establish a system of reasonable control over the inland communications of the country, cannot, as we conceive, be denied. All practicable competition having ceased to be possible, administrative control must supply its place. A Board of Railway Control must be established. But, to be really useful, it must be invested with powers much more extensive than those possessed by the late railway department of the Board of Trade. The great object of the government should be, to bring the power of such a body to bear on the existing railway companies, in such a manner as to protect the public from the abuses incidental to them, without violating in spirit that contract, whatever it may be, which they may have made with the State. The benefit of such a system of control, rightly administered, will not be confined to the public as opposed to the monopoly of the companies. It will extend to the companies themselves,-some of which have already discovered that the maximum of profits is not necessarily attained by the maximum of fares; and that it is possible to consult the interests of the Public, by moderating their tariffs, without endangering their prospective dividends.

NOTE to the First Article.

THIS Article was wholly written and printed early in August last, which is here mentioned to account for its taking no notice of the subsequent proceedings of Parliament respecting its subject.

No. CLXXI. will be published in January.

INDEX.

A

Agriculture, British, state and prospects of, 416-rapid and constant
progression of, 417-condition of, in Scotland, at the present time,
ib. of England, 428-of what further progress is it capable? 431
-capability of the soil, ib.-knowledge of geology necessary for
the advancement of farming, 432-also chemistry, 433-agricul-
tural capabilities of Scotland hardly yet tested, 434-land reclaim-
able in England, 437-facilities which at present exist for developing
its agricultural powers, 438-influence which railways have on,
439-effect of draining on, 441-of farmers' associations on, 442-
entails in Scotland detrimental to its progress, 443-absenteeism
an evil, 443-want of security of tenure in England a special
hindrance, 444-advantages of leases both to tenant and landlord,
446-reserved rights of lords of manors over copyhold lands, retard
agriculture, ib.want of proper educated agents, 447-commutation
of tithes favourable to English agriculture, ib.-improved imple-
ments in farming, 448-agricultural establishments for the exten-
sion, 450.

Algeria, possession of, by France, 47-ignorance of the geography of,
48-information latterly collected regarding the Sahara, or great
desert of, 50-computation of time in, ib.-roads of, 51-natural
division between the Tell and Sahara, 53-physical aspect of the
Tell, ib. of the Sahara, 54-towns, villages, and occupation of the
inhabitants of the Sahara, ib.-races of the interior, and of the coast,
59-positions the French are now in possession of, 60-regular
communication between the towns of the Sahara, 62-civilization
of the inhabitants of the Sahara, ib.-rivers, springs, and lakes in
the desert, 64-commerce of Tuggurt, one of the towns, 65-modes
of conveyance, and their articles of exchange, 66-religious orders,
observances, and influence this has on the fanaticism of the people, 67
-hostility this leads to against the French, 72-position of France
in regard to the occupation of, 74-policy recommended by the
Chamber of Deputies, ib.

American War, memorable lesson given by, 241,

Archipelago, Indian-European settlements in, 167-Dutch empire
in, ib.-Spice Islands, 168.

Asiatics, characteristics of the different races of Eastern, 171.
Australia, North, Physical geography and advantages of, 170-173.

B

Bacon's Novum Organum, translation of, 103.

Bastiat, M. Frederic, his Sophismes Economiques reviewed, 236.

Borneo, expedition of H,M,S. Dido to, 147-Mr Brookes founds a

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sovereignty in, his history and character, 149-Pulo Kalamantan
the Malay name of the island, 149-physical geography of, ib.-
population of, 150-Dyaks, character of, 152-other tribes of, ib.
their religion 155 Sarawak, the seat of Mr Brooke's sove-
reignty, 156-Captain Keppel's expedition, 159-Borneon piracy,
character of, 163-Brooke's perilous condition, 165.

-

Brewster, Sir D., on the discovery of the Differential Calculus, 43.
Brougham, Lord, his views as to the origin of good and evil, 24.
Brown, Dr Thomas, on the pre-established harmony of Leibnitz, 34.
Bullion, on the price of, and foreign exchanges, 328.

Byron, Lord his amour at Florence, as stated by Goethe, discovered
to be a pure fiction, 350.

C

Calculus, Differential-controversy between Newton and Leibnitz, as
to the discovery of working the method, ib,

Camden, Lord-sketch of his character, 401.

Canals in England, monopoly of the entire inland traffic by, 481.
Capital, effects of, in producing prosperity, 279.

Carette, M., his excellent account of the Sahara of Algeria, 50.

Charity, difference between public and private, 302-strong tendency
to, in the Irish population, 308.

Chinese, their propensity for "rich food "forms an important source of
trade, 171.

Christianity, progress of, in the Indian Archipelago, 165.
Christianity, evidences of, 195 to 222.

Coke, Sir Edward-leading events of his career and character, 381.

Coke, Sir Edward, his opinion on the language and structure of the
statutes, 120.

Colonial Protection, 236-266.

Colonies, advantages of, 250.

Colonial System, principles and fate of, 240-1-still retained by Hol-
land, France, and Spain, 241-Hanmer's colonial system of Eng-
land, ib.

Commercial Restrictions, removal of, 239.

Credit, effect of, on the monitory transactions of a nation, 331.
Currency, views of the late Lord King regarding, 319.

D

Death-considered as an evil, or otherwise, 25.

De Morgan on the discovery of the Differential Calculus; note, 38.
Differential Calculus, controversy regarding the discovery of, between
Newton and Leibnitz, 37.

Doyle, Rev. Dr, on a poor-law of Ireland, 296.

Eldon, Lord, anecdotes of, 121.

E

Emerson, a mystic and rhapsodist, 208.

Entails detrimental to the progress of agriculture, 443.

Espartero, regent of Spain, character of, 184.

Essington, Port, advantageous position of, 170-172.

Europe, compulsory relief to the poor in various states of, 293.
Evil and Good, origin of-the question of, examined, 22.
Exchange, on the difference of, in monitory affairs, 331.

F

Fortescue, Earl-his memoir of the late Lord King, 315.

G

German Zollverein, principles of, 252-262.

Glassford's, James, lyrical compositions, from the Italian poets,
with translations, 102-translation of Bacon's Novum Organum, 103.
Gowrie, Earl of, a tragedy, review of, 223.

Greece, History of, by George Grote, 343. See Grote.

Greenleaf, Professor, of Harvard University, U. S., on the education
of lawyers at that university, 413.

Grote, George History of Greece by, 343-interest attached to a
history of Greece, ib.-remarkable character of the people, ib.-
qualification of Mr Grote as an historian, 345—his doctrine regard-
ing the legends of Greece, 347-polytheism of the Greeks, 358-
on the authorship of the Homeric poems, 362-on the state of so-
ciety and manners, as exhibited in Grecian legend, 368-legislation
of Lycurgus, 371-character of the work, 375-innovations he has
made on the orthography of Greek names, 376.

H

Halliwell's, J. O., life and correspondence of Sir S. D'Ewes, 76.
Hanover, History of the House of materials collected for, by Leib-
nitz, 11.

Homeric Poems-authorship of, considered, 362.

I

India, British, Chevalier Warren's work on, examined, 452-wealth
of the Zemindar of Burdwan, 453-career of the impostor Alik
Shah, ib.-examination of M. Warren's mistatements, 454-has
the British government been in favour of, or detrimental to, India?
458-causes of famines in, ib.-condition of large towns in, and
population of, 460-patriotism unknown among the natives, ib.-
duties charged on the produce of, 461-imports of its sugars, rum,
and tobacco into Great Britain, 464-of its wheat, 465-export
trade of India, ib.-import trade of, 468-bullion exported from,
471-invasion of Affghanistan considered, 473-seizure of Scinde
displayed bad policy, 474-evil consequences which arise from sup-
porting native governments by British troops, 475-land revenue
of, and how derived, 476-absurdity of establishing colleges in, for
inculcating the truths of Christianity, and the false religion of the
natives, 477.

Ireland-its people dissimilar to those of England and Scotland, 267,

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