The Problem of the Genesis of Species stated.—Nature of its Probable Solution.—Im-

portance of the Question.—Position here defended.—Statement of the DARWINIAN

THEORY.—Its Applicability to Details of Geographical Distribution; to Rudimentary

Structures; to Homology; to Mimicry, etc.—Consequent Utility of the Theory.—

Its Wide Acceptance—Reasons for this, other than, and in Addition to, its Scientific

Value.—Its Simplicity.—Its Bearing on Religious Questions.—Odium. Theologicum

and Odium Antitheologicum.—The Antagonism supposed by Imany to exist be-

tween it and Theology neither necessary nor universal—Christian Authorities in

favor of Evolution.—Mr. Darwin's “Animals and Plants under Domestication.”—

Difficulties of the Darwinian Theory enumerated & * e ... p. 18

CHAPTER II.

THE INCOMPETENCY of “NATURAL SELECTION ?’ To Adcount For THE IN-

CIPIENT STAGES OF USEFUL STRUCTURES.

Mr. Darwin supposes that Natural Selection acts by Slight Wariations.—These must be

useful at once.—Difficulties as to the Giraffe; as to Mimicry; as to the Heads of

Flat-fishes; as to the Origin and Constancy of the Wertebrate Limbs; as to Whale-

bone; as to the Young Kangaroo; as to Sea-urchins; as to Certain Processes of

Metamorphosis; as to the Mammary-gland; as to Certain Ape Characters; as to
the Rattlesnake and Cobra; as to the Process of Formation of the Eye and Ear, as

to the Fully-developed Condition of the Eye and Ear; as to the Voice; as to Shell-

fish; as to Orchids; as to Ants.-the Necessity for the Simultaneous Modification

of Many Individuals.--Summary and Conclusion to e * . p. 35

CHAPTER III.

THE COEXISTENCE OF CIOSELY-SIMILAR STRUCTURES OF DIVERSE ORIGIN.

Chances against Concordant Wariations.—Examples of Discordant Ones.—Concordant

Variations not unlikely on a non-Darwinian Evolutionary Hypothesis.-Placental

and Implacental Mammals.-Birds and Reptiles.—Independent Origins of Similar

Sense Organs.—The Ear.—The Eye.—Other Coincidences.—Causes besides Natural

Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Geographical Regions.—Causes

besides Natural Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Zoological and

Botanical Groups.—There are Homologous Parts not genetically related.—Harmony

in respect of the Organic and Inorganic Worlds,--Summary and Conclusion. p. 76

CHAPTER IV.

MINUTE AND GRADUAL MODIFICATIONS.

There are Difficulties as to Minute Modifications, even if not fortuitous.-Examples of

Sudden and Considerable Modifications of Different Kinds.-Prof. Owen's View.—

Mr. Wallace.—Prof. Huxley-Objections to Sudden Changes.-Labyrinthodont.—

Potto.—Cetacea.—As to Origin of Bird's Wing.—Tendrils of Climbing Plants.-

Animals once supposed to be Connecting Links,—Early Specialization of Structure.

—Macrauchenia.-Glyptodon.--Sabre-toothed Tiger.—Conclusion . ... p. 111

CHAPTER W.

AS TO SPECIFIC STABILITY.

What is meant by the Phrase “Specific Stability;” such Stability to be expected a

priori, or else Considerable Changes at once—Rapidly-increasing Difficulty of in-

tensifying Race Characters; Alleged Causes of this Phenomenon; probably an In-

ternal Cause coöperates.—A Certain Definiteness in Wariations.—Mr. Darwin ad-

mits the Principle of Specific Stability in Certain Cases of Unequal Wariability.—

The Goose.—The Peacock.-The Guinea-fowl.—Exceptional Causes of Variation

under Domestication.—Alleged Tendency to Reversion.—Instances.—Sterility of

Hybrids-Prepotency of Pollen of Same Species, but of Different Race—Mortality

in Young Gallinaceous Hybrids.-A Bar to Intermixture exists somewhere.—

Guinea-pigs.--Summary and Conclusion e * e to . p. 127

CHAPTER WI.

SPECIES AND TIME.

Two Relations of Species to Time.—No Evidence of Past Existence of Minutely-

intermediate Forms when such might be expected a priori.-Bats, Pterodac-

tyls, Dinosauria, and Birds.-Ichthyosauria, Chelonia, and Anoura-Horse An-

cestry.—Labyrinthodonts and Trilobites.—Two Subdivisions of the Second Rela-

tion of Species to Time.—Sir William Thomson's Views.-Probable Period re-

quired for Ultimate Specific Evolution from Primitive Ancestral Forms.-Geo-

metrical Increase of Time required for Rapidly-multiplying Increase of Structural

Differences.—Proboscis Monkey.—Time required for Deposition of Strata neces-

sary for Darwinian Evolution.—High Organization of Silurian Forms of Life.—

Absence of Fossils in Oldest Rocks,—Summary and Conclusion . ... p. 142

CHAPTER VII.

SPECIES AND SPACE.

The Geographical Distribution of Animals presents Difficulties.—These not insur-

mountable in themselves; harmonize with other Difficulties.—Fresh-water Fishes.

—Forms common to Africa and India; to Africa and South America; to China

and Australia; to North America and China; to New Zealand and South

America; to South America and Tasmania; to South America and Australia.-

Pleurodont Lizards.-Insectivorous Mammals.-Similarity of European and South

American Frogs.--Analogy between European Salmon and Fishes of New Zea-

land, etc.—An Ancient Antarctic Continent probable.—Other Modes of accounting

for Facts of Distribution.—Independent Origin of Closely-similar Forms.-Con-

clusion e e & to te {e © . p. 158

CHAPTER VIII.

HOMOLOGIES.

Animals made up of Parts mutually related in Various Ways.--What Homology is

—Its Warious Kinds,-Serial Homology.—Lateral Homology.—Wertical Homology.

—Mr. Herbert Spencer's Explanations.—An Internal Power necessary, as shown by

Facts of Comparative Anatomy.—Of Teratology.—M. St. Hilaire.—Prof. Burt Wild-

er.—Foot-wings.-Facts of Pathology.—Mr. James Paget.—Dr. William Budd.—

The Existence of such an Internal Power of Individual Development diminishes

the Improbability of an Analogous Law of Specific Origination. & . p. 169

CHAPTER IX.

|EVOLUTION AND ETHICS.

The Origin of Morals an Inquiry not foreign to the Subject of this Book.--Modern

Utilitarian View as to that Origin.-Mr. Darwin's Speculation as to the Origin of

the Abhorrence of Incest.—Cause assigned by him insufficient.—Care of the Aged

and Infirm opposed by “Natural Selection; ” also Self-abnegation and Asceti-

cism.—Distinctness of the Ideas “Right” and “Useful.”—Mr. John Stuart Mill.—

Insufficiency of “Natural Selection” to account for the Origin of the Distinction

between Duty and Profit.—Distinction of Moral Acts into “Material” and “For-

mal.”—No Ground for believing that Formal Morality exists in Brutes.—Evidence

that it does exist in Savages.—Facility with which Savages may be misunder-

stood.—Objections as to Diversity of Customs.-Mr. Hutton's Review of Mr. Her-

bert Spencer.—Anticipatory Character of Morals.-Sir John Lubbock's Explana-

A Provisional Hypothesis supplementing “Natural Selection.”—Statement of the Hy-

pothesis—Difficulty as to Multitude of Gemmules.—As to Certain Modes of Re-

production.—As to Formations without the Requisite Gemmules.—Mr. Lewes and

Prof. Delpino.—Difficulty as to Developmental Force of Gemmules.—As to their

Spontaneous Fission.—Pangenesis and Vitalism.—Paradoxical Reality.—Pangene-

sis scarcely superior to Anterior Hypothesis.-Buffon.—Owen.—Herbert Spen-

cer—“Gemmules” as Mysterious as “Physiological Units.”—Conclusion . p. 223

Review of the Statements and Arguments of Preceding Chapters.-Cumulative Argu-

ment against Predominant Action of “Natural Selection.”—Whether any Thing

positive as well as negative can be enunciated.—Constancy of Laws of Nature does

not necessarily imply Constancy of Specific Evolution.—Possible Exceptional Sta-

bility of Existing Epoch-Probability that an Internal Cause of Change exists—

Innate Powers somewhere must be accepted.—Symbolism of Molecular Action

under Vibrating Impulses.—Prof. Owen's Statement.—Statement of the Author's

View.—It avoids the Difficulties which oppose “Natural Selection.”—It harmon-

izes Apparently Conflicting Conceptions.—Summary and Conclusion ... p. 235

CHAPTER XII.

THEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION,

Prejudiced Opinions on the Subject.—“Creation” sometimes denied from Prejudice,—

The Unknowable.—Mr. Herbert Spencer's Objections to Theism; to Creation.—

Meanings of Term “Creation.”—Confusion from not distinguishing between “Pri-

mary” and “Derivative” Creation.—Mr. Darwin's Objections.—Bearing of Chris-

tianity on the Theory of Evolution.—Supposed Opposition, the Result of a Miscon-

ception.—Theological Authority not opposed to Evolution.—St. Augustine.—St.

Thomas Aquinas.-Certain Consequences of Want of Flexibility of Mind.—Reason

and Imagination.—The First Cause and Demonstration.—Parallel between Chris-

tianity and Natural Theology.—What Evolution of Species is.-Prof. Agassiz.-In-

nate Powers must be recognized.—Bearing of Evolution on Religious Belief—Prof.

Huxley.—Prof. Owen.—Mr. Wallace.—Mr. Darwin,_A priori Conception of Di-

vine Action.—Origin of Man.—Absolute Creation and Dogma.-Mr. Wallace's View.

—A Supernatural Origin for Man's Body not necessary.—Two Orders of Being in

Man.—Two Modes of Origin.—Harmony of the Physical, Hyperphysical, and Super-

natural.-Reconciliation of Science and Religion as regards Evolution.—Conclu-