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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
The Problem of the Genesis of Species stated.-Nature of its Probable Solution.-Im-
portance of the Question.-Position here defended.-Statement of the DARWINIAN
THEORY.-Its Applicability to Details of Geographical Distribution; to Rudimentary
Structures; to Homology; to Mimicry, etc.-Consequent Utility of the Theory.—
Its Wide Acceptance.-Reasons for this, other than, and in Addition to, its Scientific
Value.-Its Simplicity.-Its Bearing on Religious Questions.-Odium Theologicum
and Odium Antitheologicum.-The Antagonism supposed by many to exist be-
tween it and Theology neither necessary nor universal.-Christian Authorities in
favor of Evolution.-Mr. Darwin's "Animals and Plants under Domestication."—
Difficulties of the Darwinian Theory enumerated
· p.13
CHAPTER II.
THE INCOMPETENCY OF NATURAL SELECTION TO ACCOUNT FOR THE IN-
CIPIENT STAGES OF USEFUL STRUCTURES.
Mr. Darwin supposes that Natural Selection acts by Slight Variations.-These must be
useful at once.-Difficulties as to the Giraffe; as to Mimicry; as to the Heads of
Flat-fishes; as to the Origin and Constancy of the Vertebrate Limbs; as to Whale-
bone; as to the Young Kangaroo; as to Sea-urchins; as to Certain Processes of
Metamorphosis; as to the Mammary-gland; as to Certain Ape Characters; as to
the Rattlesnake and Cobra; as to the Process of Formation of the Eye and Ear, as
to the Fully-developed Condition of the Eye and Ear; as to the Voice; as to Shell-
fish; as to Orchids; as to Ants.-the Necessity for the Simultaneous Modification
of Many Individuals.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 35
CHAPTER III.
THE COEXISTENCE OF CLOSELY-SIMILAR STRUCTURES OF DIVERSE ORIGIN.
Chances against Concordant Variations.-Examples of Discordant Ones.-Concordant
Variations not unlikely on a non-Darwinian Evolutionary Hypothesis.-Placental
and Implacental Mammals.-Birds and Reptiles.-Independent Origins of Similar
Sense Organs.-The Ear.-The Eye.--Other Coincidences.-Causes besides Natural
Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Geographical Regions.--Causes
besides Natural Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Zoological and
Botanical Groups.-There are Homologous Parts not genetically related.-Harmony
in respect of the Organic and Inorganic Worlds.-Summary and Conclusion.
p. 76
CHAPTER IV.
MINUTE AND GRADUAL MODIFICATIONS.
There are Difficulties as to Minute Modifications, even if not fortuitous.-Examples of
Sudden and Considerable Modifications of Different Kinds.-Prof. Owen's View.-
Mr. Wallace.-Prof. Huxley.-Objections to Sudden Changes.-Labyrinthodont.-
Potto.-Cetacea.-As to Origin of Bird's Wing.-Tendrils of Climbing Plants.-
Animals once supposed to be Connecting Links.-Early Specialization of Structure.
-Macrauchenia.-Glyptodon.-Sabre-toothed Tiger.-Conclusion
p. 111
CHAPTER V.
AS TO SPECIFIC STABILITY.
What is meant by the Phrase "Specific Stability;" such Stability to be expected a
priori, or else Considerable Changes at once.-Rapidly-increasing Difficulty of in-
tensifying Race Characters; Alleged Causes of this Phenomenon; probably an In-
ternal Cause coöperates.-A Certain Definiteness in Variations.-Mr. Darwin ad-
mits the Principle of Specific Stability in Certain Cases of Unequal Variability.-
The Goose.-The Peacock.-The Guinea-fowl.-Exceptional Causes of Variation
under Domestication.-Alleged Tendency to Reversion.-Instances.-Sterility of
Hybrids.-Prepotency of Pollen of Same Species, but of Different Race.-Mortality
in Young Gallinaceous Hybrids.-A Bar to Intermixture exists somewhere.-
Guinea-pigs.-Summary and Conclusion
. p. 127
CHAPTER VI.
SPECIES AND TIME.
Two Relations of Species to Time.-No Evidence of Past Existence of Minutely-
intermediate Forms when such might be expected a priori.—Bats, Pterodac-
tyls, Dinosauria, and Birds.-Ichthyosauria, Chelonia, and Anoura.-Horse An-
cestry.-Labyrinthodonts and Trilobites.-Two Subdivisions of the Second Rela-
tion of Species to Time.-Sir William Thomson's Views.-Probable Period re-
quired for Ultimate Specific Evolution from Primitive Ancestral Forms.-Geo-
metrical Increase of Time required for Rapidly-multiplying Increase of Structural
Differences.-Proboscis Monkey.-Time required for Deposition of Strata neces-
sary for Darwinian Evolution.-High Organization of Silurian Forms of Life.—
Absence of Fossils in Oldest Rocks.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 142
CHAPTER VII.
SPECIES AND SPACE.
The Geographical Distribution of Animals presents Difficulties.-These not insur-
mountable in themselves; harmonize with other Difficulties.-Fresh-water Fishes.
-Forms common to Africa and India; to Africa and South America; to China
and Australia; to North America and China; to New Zealand and South
America; to South America and Tasmania; to South America and Australia.-
Pleurodont Lizards.-Insectivorous Mammals.-Similarity of European and South
American Frogs.-Analogy between European Salmon and Fishes of New Zea-
land, etc.-An Ancient Antarctic Continent probable.-Other Modes of accounting
for Facts of Distribution.-Independent Origin of Closely-similar Forms.-Con-
clusion
p. 158
CHAPTER VIII.
HOMOLOGIES.
Animals made up of Parts mutually related in Various Ways.-What Homology is
-Its Various Kinds.-Serial Homology.-Lateral Homology.-Vertical Homology.
-Mr. Herbert Spencer's Explanations.-An Internal Power necessary, as shown by
Facts of Comparative Anatomy.-Of Teratology.-M. St. Hilaire.-Prof. Burt Wild-
er.-Foot-wings.-Facts of Pathology.-Mr. James Paget.-Dr. William Budd.-
The Existence of such an Internal Power of Individual Development diminishes
the Improbability of an Analogous Law of Specific Origination.
• p. 169
CHAPTER IX.
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS.
The Origin of Morals an Inquiry not foreign to the Subject of this Book.-Modern
Utilitarian View as to that Origin. Mr. Darwin's Speculation as to the Origin of
the Abhorrence of Incest.-Cause assigned by him insufficient.-Care of the Aged
and Infirm opposed by "Natural Selection;" also Self-abnegation and Asceti-
cism.-Distinctness of the Ideas "Right" and "Useful."-Mr. John Stuart Mill.-
Insufficiency of "Natural Selection" to account for the Origin of the Distinction
between Duty and Profit.-Distinction of Moral Acts into "Material" and "For-
mal."--No Ground for believing that Formal Morality exists in Brutes.-Evidence
that it does exist in Savages.-Facility with which Savages may be misunder-
stood.-Objections as to Diversity of Customs.-Mr. Hutton's Review of Mr. Her-
bert Spencer. Anticipatory Character of Morals.-Sir John Lubbock's Explana-
tion.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 202
CHAPTER X.
PANGENESIS.
A Provisional Hypothesis supplementing "Natural Selection."-Statement of the Hy-
pothesis.-Difficulty as to Multitude of Gemmules.-As to Certain Modes of Re-
production. As to Formations without the Requisite Gemmules.-Mr. Lewes and
Prof. Delpino.-Difficulty as to Developmental Force of Gemmules.-As to their
Spontaneous Fission.-Pangenesis and Vitalism.-Paradoxical Reality.-Pangene-
sis scarcely superior to Anterior Hypothesis.-Buffon.-Owen.-Herbert Spen-
cer.-"Gemmules" as Mysterious as "Physiological Units."-Conclusion
p. 223
Review of the Statements and Arguments of Preceding Chapters.-Cumulative Argu-
ment against Predominant Action of "Natural Selection."-Whether any Thing
positive as well as negative can be enunciated.-Constancy of Laws of Nature does
not necessarily imply Constancy of Specific Evolution.-Possible Exceptional Sta-
bility of Existing Epoch.-Probability that an Internal Cause of Change exists.-
Innate Powers somewhere must be accepted.-Symbolism of Molecular Action
under Vibrating Impulses.--Prof. Owen's Statement.-Statement of the Author's
View.-It avoids the Difficulties which oppose "Natural Selection."-It harmon-
izes Apparently Conflicting Conceptions.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 235
CHAPTER XII.
THEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION.
Prejudiced Opinions on the Subject.—" Creation" sometimes denied from Prejudice.—
The Unknowable.-Mr. Herbert Spencer's Objections to Theism; to Creation.-
Meanings of Term "Creation."-Confusion from not distinguishing between "Pri-
mary" and "Derivative" Creation.—Mr. Darwin's Objections.-Bearing of Chris-
tianity on the Theory of Evolution.-Supposed Opposition, the Result of a Miscon-
ception.-Theological Authority not opposed to Evolution.-St. Augustine.-St.
Thomas Aquinas.-Certain Consequences of Want of Flexibility of Mind.-Reason
and Imagination.-The First Cause and Demonstration.-Parallel between Chris-
tianity and Natural Theology.-What Evolution of Species is.-Prof. Agassiz.-In-
nate Powers must be recognized.-Bearing of Evolution on Religious Belief.-Prof.
Huxley.-Prof. Owen.-Mr. Wallace.-Mr. Darwin.-A priori Conception of Di-
vine Action.-Origin of Man.-Absolute Creation and Dogma.-Mr. Wallace's View.
-A Supernatural Origin for Man's Body not necessary.-Two Orders of Being in
Man.-Two Modes of Origin.-Harmony of the Physical, Hyperphysical, and Super-
natural.-Reconciliation of Science and Religion as regards Evolution.-Conclu-