ican Confederation to the new territories, which is to all in-
tents and purposes colonization, is what enables population
to go on unchecked throughout the Union without having
yet diminished the return to industry, or increased the diffi-
culty of earning a subsistence. If Australia or the interior
of Canada were as near to Great Britain as Wisconsin and
Iowa to New York; if the superfluous people could remove
to it without crossing the sea, and were of as adventurous
and restless a character, and as little addicted to staying at
home, as their kinsfolk of New England, those unpeopled
continents would render the same service to the United
Kingdom which the old states of America derive from the
new. But, these things being as they are-though a judi-
ciously conducted emigration is a most important resource
for suddenly lightening the pressure of population by a sin-
gle effort and though in such an extraordinary case as that
of Ireland under the threefold operation of the potato fail-
ure, the poor law, and the general turning out of tenantry
throughout the country, spontaneous emigration may at a
particular crisis remove greater multitudes than it was ever
proposed to remove at once by any national scheme; there
is no probability that even under the most enlightened ar-
rangements a permanent stream of emigration could be kept p
up, sufficient to take off, as in America, all that portion of
the annual increase (when proceeding at its greatest rapid-
ity) which being in excess of the progress made during the
same short period in the arts of life, tends to render living
more difficult for every averagely-situated individual in the
community. And unless this can be done, emigration can-
not, even in an economical point of view, dispense with the
necessity of checks to population. Further than this we
have not to speak of it in this place. The general subject
of colonization as a practical question, its importance to this
country, and the principles on which it should be conduct-
ed, will be discussed at some length in a subsequent portion
of this treatise.

aspect завеўна.

BOOK II.

DISTRIBUTION.

BOOK II.

DISTRIBUTION.

CHAPTER I.

OF PROPERTY.

§ 1. THE principles which have been set forth in the first part of this Treatise, are, in certain respects, strongly distinguished from those, on the consideration of which we are now about to enter. The laws and conditions of the production of wealth, partake of the character of physical truths. There is nothing optional or arbitrary in them. Whatever mankind produce, must be produced in the modes, and under the conditions, imposed by the constitution of external things, and by the inherent properties of their own bodily and mental structure. Whether they like it or not, their productions will be limited by the amount of their previous accumulation, and, that being given, it will be proportional to their energy, their skill, the perfection of their machinery, and their judicious use of the advantages of combined labour. Whether they like it or not, a double quantity of labour will not raise, on the same land, a double quantity of food, unless some improvement takes place in the processes of cultivation. Whether they like it or not, the unproductive expenditure of individuals will pro tanto tend to impoverish the community, and only their