prosperity of the state, there is no other course for it to pursue, if it has regard to its own perpetuity, than to justify its own existence by that control which insures that the interests of all shall be amply protected and furthered.

This extension of the functions of the state, and this new conception of the worth of the individual, have alike served the interests of women. The extension of the state has overthrown patriarchalism, and has secured to woman a large degree of recognition for her individuality. She can now own property, control her own child, and enter upon any career she may choose. If these and kindred enlargements of opportunity have not reached their amplest form, it is because the state has not yet advanced to the full recognition of its functions as the expression of the collective life of the nation. Undoubtedly this tendency will go on until a woman will be as free as a man, and possessed of the same privileges and opportunities. It is evident that this change will be for the benefit of men and women alike, and that it will insure to the state greater worth and stability.

Such a reconstruction of social and political interests must of necessity lead to various temporary evils, and raise many problems not easily solved. It will seem to threaten the family and to promise the overthrow of the home. Apparently it will make women discontented with child-bearing and home-making, to which custom would restrict them if they become wives and mothers. Undoubtedly these evils will exist, for every great social change requires time for adjustment, and for the establishment of those habits and traditions which secure the best results of its operation. Greater freedom for women has increased the number of divorces, and it has made some women rebellious against the unjust conditions under which they are now compelled to live. It is not possible, however, to put women back under the old patriarchal conditions, now that they have enjoyed a greater degree of freedom. The only way of promise for the future is to be found in a still larger 'degree of freedom and opportunity to women.

When we look back over the past, and realize the nature and extent of the disabilities under which women have lived, and compare them with what women now are and with what they are now accomplishing, we cannot but assume that civilization would have advanced far more rapidly had the same degree of freedom and opportunity from the end of the maternal age been accorded them, to the exclusion of the patriarchal theory and method. We realize, however, that in all probability this could not have been secured; but such a thought compels the wish that nothing may intervene to hinder the steady progress of women to a just and wise solution of the problem of their relations to men and the state.

Any genuine study of the remarkable changes which have come about in the position of women since the Renaissance must convince us that women have made large contributions to civilization, and that they would have been far greater had they been in possession of the resources of education to the fullest extent. What they have actually accomplished, considering the limitations under which they have secured their training and done their work, makes it certain that they will reach to far higher results in the future. The opening of the avenues to education and culture has not only much enlarged their fitness to undertake the training of their own children, but fitted them for the general work of education and for an active participation in the world's activities. While it is true that there has not been as yet a female Plato, Shakespeare or Darwin, yet women have done excellent work in many fields of activity. In fiction they have reached almost the highest levels in the works of George Eliot, George Sand, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Selma Lagerlöf and many others. In science Mrs. Somerville, Sonya Kovalevsky and Madame Curie have done work fully as important as that of any man except the few great masters of original research and interpretation. In the fields of general culture and literary expression such women as Madame de Stael, Frederika Bremer, and Julia Ward Howe have

done work of first-rate importance for their own time. The women who have been leaders in demanding larger recognition for their sex, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Mrs. Fawcett, Mrs. Pankhurst, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony, are deserving of generous recognition as pioneers of a higher culture and civilization.

It is not necessary to attempt any more extended enumeration of what has been accomplished by women under the conditions of the greater freedom of modern life. However detailed such a statement might be made, it could be no more than "a foretaste of things to be." It is evident that women are only at the beginning of their real career. What they can accomplish, that for which they are best fitted, in what and to what extent they differ from men in their mental operations and capacities, are all problems to be tested and determined. Advanced as civilization is today this is a strange statement to make, that one-half of mankind is only now finding its own capacities and place. And yet this is a simple statement of truth, a statement which may be accepted as a fact or as a criticism, as the reader chooses.

Looking toward the future, but yet mindful of the whole past history of mankind, we see before us certain results to be worked out for and by women. These are not merely utopian ideals, but solid realities already in part developed as phases of the civilization of our own time. We may enumerate some of them as legitimate results of our study of woman in the progress of civilization.

1. Complete recognition of woman's individuality, and the adjustment of the family and home thereto. This does not mean that women will refuse to marry or that they will fail to regard home-making as offering them the highest opportunity to which they can be called. It does mean, however, that women shall cease to be under tutelage, that they shall be free to follow the call of their own capacities, and that as appertains to the family and property the law shall treat them as on a basis of fullest equality with men.

2. The fullest recognition that if a woman marries, bears children and creates a home, her contribution to the family life is equal to the man's, and should be so guaranteed in their financial relations. This means that the family shall cease to be an autocracy with the man as dictator. In considerable degree this change has already come about, not only practically but legally; and the family is now based as never before on affection, common helpfulness, and the recognition that the partnership is one of equal responsibility and obligation.

3. The opening up of all occupations and professions to women, the equalization of remuneration for the same work, and the freest opportunity for women to select that for which they are best adapted. It cannot be doubted that if all doors of opportunity are thrown wide open to women, without prejudice and social restriction, they will soon find their own places, and be fully contented with them. Such freedom is now accorded women in the teaching profession, though not always do they receive equal remuneration with men performing the same work. The result is that to a large extent they secure the places in that profession for which they are best fitted. Some other occupations they now occupy almost to the exclusion of men, not only because they are better fitted for them, but because they perform the same labor for less money. Judging from early conditions, and from the present greater devotion of women to religion, it may be properly assumed that they are naturally better fitted for its affairs than men; but prejudice keeps them from this calling, which they ought to occupy as freely as that of teaching. In time women will find their own level in all occupations, and will seek only those to which they are adapted. Even then, however, individual women ought to be free to undertake such work as circumstances or inclination may open to them. It is not probable that many women will enter actively upon the work of the farmer, but there is no reason why individuals should not succeed in the duties of that calling.

4. The double standard of morality, result of the prevalence of the patriarchal system for several thousand years, should be changed for that of the single standard or that now accepted by women; and this for the advantage of men and the family. It is evident that the family cannot reach a high level of happiness, purity, affection and mutual coöperation until the double standard has been abolished. No legal enactments alone can secure the general acceptance of the single standard, but the law ought to make no distinction whatever between men and women. The fault is in those social ideals and privileges which men have assumed as the result of patriarchalism and autocratic rule. When the state ceases to give men monarchical rule over the persons of wife and children the double standard will disappear. Men ought to adopt a new standard, which will fully recognize the baseness and cowardice of demanding privileges which do not also belong to the woman they love.

5. The future will undoubtedly bring to women full political equality with men, as the final assurance on the part of the state that it guarantees their ample protection and the largest recognition of their right to share in its activities and responsibilities. It is not because of any metaphysical "rights" that suffrage should be guaranteed to women on the same conditions as to men. Women are persons in every sense in which men are, and they have as much need that duties and privileges should be accorded them. The suffrage grants them recognition, responsibility, and the means of protection. They cannot depend on chivalry or the sense of duty in men to secure them such protection and opportunities. Women are not as men, whatever may have been claimed by early suffragists. It is precisely because women have other interests than men, see life from another point of view, with greater regard to children, family, home, morality and altruistic demands, that it must be well for the state to secure the aid of women in its great tasks, by according them voting and law-making