subject by object-lessons, through expositions and museums. Perhaps the most important part of the Imperial obligations is that the people should provide for the education of picked men to carry out the details of the trust. Instrumentalities of government, however well arranged, will not alone accomplish a good administration of the dependencies. A good administration of the trust can only be given by experts, and these the people of the American Union must continuously furnish from their midst. ✓

Undoubtedly the performance of Imperial obligations entails a constant effort by the American people. Realizing this, many persons are asking the question, Why should the people of the American Union undertake Imperial obligations? They object that the exercise of the Imperial power, under this conception of the Imperial obligations, is not necessarily profitable from a pecuniary standpoint. This objection is undeniably well taken. The idea of the Imperial power as a power to perform services for other States is wholly inconsistent with the idea of monopoly or exploitation, as Mr. Spencer Wilkinson has well pointed out, in the passage above quoted. It implies opening new markets, not for the Imperial State, but for all the world. To the "merchants" who, to quote Lord Bacon, "look ever to the present gain," it is better to let some other State exercise such Imperial power and for America to take the benefit of the work. But to those who do not "look ever to the present gain and whose eyes are set on a goal farther off and higher up, there appears to be both a moral compulsion which compels the American Union to perform such obligations when they come upon them in the ordinary course of events, and a pleasure in performing them well. The State which shirks obligations because they are difficult or dangerous pays the penalty of the individual who shirks such obligations-it sinks into insignificance.

But, these considerations aside, there seems to be no alternative. Imperial obligations impose themselves in the very process of community life. The Federal Empire is the outgrowth of democratic and republican principles. The Imperial State recognizes itself as under a trusteeship toward every part of the whole Empire, and hence as the delegate and representative of the dependencies, as political persons or States. Where Imperial States base their actions upon these principles, dependencies which are abundantly strong enough to become independent prefer not to do so, and weak dependencies regard the relationship as one in which they can take pride and satisfaction. Such a consent is equivalent to an election of the Imperial State, by the dependencies, to be their Central Government. Thus the republican principle of representation—that all governors, whether persons or States, are the agents or trustees of the governed -is preserved. The democratic principle is preserved because the whole conception of a State acting through its representative Government as the Central Government of its related political communities is impossible unless the Imperial State is founded on democratic principles; and because all power of the Imperial State is regarded as emanating from a grant made by all the people of the Empire.

The Federal Empire has arisen out of the need for social and economic peace and for equalization of economic conditions, exactly as Confederations and Federal States arose. It is the only form of organism by which the federative principle can be extended beyond the limits of lands occupied by a homogeneous population capable of self-government. Government of widely extended and scattered lands and populations through representative institutions is not to be the ultimate substitute for the administration of dependencies by Imperial States. VOn the contrary, administration of dependencies by Im

perial States is the final and permanent substitute for representative Government, wherever Government must, in the nature of things, extend itself beyond the limits of lands occupied by a homogeneous population capable of self-government.

The Federal Empire is, therefore, not a temporary phenomenon destined to disappear; nor is it a mere incomplete form of a political organism hereafter to disclose itself in a complete form. It is a naturally evolved, permanent, and complete form of political organism, and, if it fails to preserve this form, and divides itself into its constituent parts, this is not the result of the law of progress, but a disintegration due to ignorance and incapacity on the part of the people and the Government of the Imperial State.

A State can have no higher ideal than to perform well its obligations as the Imperial State of a Federal Empire. To be at once both a Judge and a Ruler is to occupy the most exalted position conceivable, and, in its possibilities of territorial extent, the Federal Empire has no limits. The Imperial State in such an Empire may judge and control and equalize between States the most remote possible from each other and the most diverse possible in their languages, traditions, and interests. Its action, always intelligent and judicious, and never going beyond the necessity of each case, is inevitably beneficial and makes for peace and for that better understanding between men under all circumstances and conditions which is the basis of good-will.

That America can temporarily perform the functions of an Imperial State toward a dependent State has been shown in the case of Cuba. It is now necessary to prove that that can be done habitually and constantly which has been so successfully done temporarily and as a matter of emergency. That America will do so there can be no doubt; but it will be done only by hard thinking

and hard work. It will not be done by despising the experience of other nations, but by studying it and daring to follow their example where they have succeeded in improving and elevating the peoples whose affairs they have administered. It will not be done by those who blindly worship the Constitution of the United States, but by those who, with the principles of that Constitution as their foundation and their hope, shall apply themselves to the task of patiently evolving the unwritten Constitution of the American Federal Empire.

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