Animal Locomotion: Or, Walking, Swimming and Flying, with a Dissertation on Aëronautics

action aërial albatross angle animal arms and legs arrangement artificial wave artificial wing ascends backwards bat and bird blades body bones Borelli Compare with fig concave convex depressed described downward dugong elastic band elastic ligaments elbow-joint elevating and propelling elytra extended extremities feet fish flexed flexion flight flying foot force gannet glide horizontal direction humerus inclined planes increased insect wing joint kite less lever long axis manner Marey motion move movements muscles muscular muscular system natural wing nervures oblique oscillate pectoral fins pinion porpoise portion position posterior margin posterior or thin primary produced quadruped rapidity remarkable resistance reverse rigid root rotation sail screw secondary feathers shoulder-joint side Sir George Cayley speed spiral swimming tail thick margin trunk twisting universal joint upward direction upwards and forwards velocity vertical vertical direction vibrate walking wave wing waved track wedge weight wing descends