.Fam. 35, Yponomeutida (part). Fore wing with vein 7 to costa. 39-Hind wing with vein 8 more or less distinctly connected with cell; outer margin usually sinuate..... Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell.. 40-Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex.. .40 41 Fam. 37, Xylorictidæ. .. Fam. 36, Gelechiida. Fore wing with vein 7 to costa... 41-Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel... Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked..... 42-Posterior tibiæ hairy. Posterior tibiæ smooth. .42 .43 Fam. 38, Ecophorida. Fam. 39, Blastobasida*. ... Fam. 35, Yponomeutida. 43-Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings.. Fam. 35, Yponomeutida (part). Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings 44-Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent. Fam. 40, Elachistida. Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed.. Fam. 43, Micropterygida. No good character has been shown at present for the separation of the Ecophorida and the Blastobasidæ. CHAPTER IV BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS THE literature of our subject is quite extensive, and the most important portions of it are contained in the publications of various learned societies and institutions. The first references to the subject are found in the writings of Linnæus, Johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hübner, Geyer, Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hübner, Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many of the more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith's "Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia" gives figures of a number of moths, with their larvæ and food-plants. In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled "A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious to Vegetation," was published. This was followed in 1852 by the work of A. Guenée on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the "Spécies Général des Lépidoptères," forming a portion of the "Suites à Buffon." Many North American species were here described for the first time, and some of them were figured in the Atlas of Plates accompanying the work. In 1850 G. A. W. HerrichSchæffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his "Sammlung Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge," which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869. Good figures of a number of North American moths are contained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British Museum of his "List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum." This work, which finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of which appeared " in 1866, contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker's descriptions are not always recognizable, and his classification as to families and genera was at times very careless. In 1859 Brackenridge Clemens published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a Synopsis of the North American Sphingides." In 1860 the Smithsonian Institution issued a "Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America," compiled by the Rev. J. G. Morris. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now antiquated. In 1862 the same institution published a book by the same author, entitled "A Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North America." It is almost wholly a compilation. The first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region. From pp. 122-314 the book is devoted to descriptions of the moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens, and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp. 330-350. The work is not wholly without value. This brief review of the literature issued previous to the outbreak of the great Civil War in America, covers practically everything of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to that time. The period which has followed has been characterized by greater activity in all scientific directions, and the principal works which have appeared upon the moths of the United States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list, which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the prosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted himself with the contents of this volume. PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Entomology). (Published occasionally.) Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I-VII, 1878-1885. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873– 1884. Canadian Entomologist, Vols. I-XXXIV, 1869-1903, London, Ontario. (Published monthly.) Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889. Entomological News, Vols. I-XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.) Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903. (Published quarterly.) Papilio, Vols. I-III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards; Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I-VI, 1861-1867. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomological Society.) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V, 1890-1903. (Published occasionally.) Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI, 1878-1903. Psyche. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge, Mass., Vols. I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.) Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX. 1867-1903. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published quarterly.) GENERAL CATALOGUES AND LISTS GROTE, A. R., AND GROTE, A. R. GROTE, A. R. List of the Lepidoptera of North America, I, (Sphingidæ to Bombycidæ.) American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 1868. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, A New Check List of North American Moths, New BROOKLYN ENTOMO- Check List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America, LOGICAL SOCIETY SMITH, JOHN B. KIRBY, W. F. DYAR, H. G. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America (Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1891, PP. 1-124). A Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Heterocera, Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892, A List of North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723: GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE COMSTOCK, J. H. MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895. PACKARD, A. S. SHARP, DAVID Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions. A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898. The Cambridge Natural History: Insects, 2 Vols.; Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York. STRECKER, HERMAN Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and Colored Illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-1877. Three Supplements, 1898-1900. WALKER, FRANCIS RILEY, C. V. List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIF. GROTE, A. R., AND ROBINSON, C. T. GROTE, A. R. CLEMENS, B. BOISDUVAL, J. A. BUTLER, A. G. SMITH, JOHN B. SPHINGIDE A Synonymical Catalogue of North America Sphingidæ. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. V, 1865, pp. 149-193.) Catalogue of the Sphingidæ of North America. (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17–28.) New Check List of North American Sphingidæ, (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. III, pp. 220-225.) Synopsis of the North American Sphingides. (Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, 1859, pp. 97-190.) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, 1874. Vol. I, text; and a series of Plates in the Atlas accompanying the work, which forms a portion of the "Suites à Buffon. Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the An Introduction to a Classification of the North A monograph of the Sphingidæ of North America |