Englishwoman, Mrs. Pethick-Lawrence of London, England. For several weeks she was a guest of Miss Addams and came before many organizations with her Woman's Movement for Constructive Peace.'"

After mentioning Dr. Mez and two other "aggressive pacifist" speakers, Pastor Furnajeff of Bulgaria, and Dr. George Nasmyth of Boston, who both made fervent peace appeals, the report ends with the following statement:

66

Through the efforts of Dr. Mez and Mme. Schwimmer it also appears likely that a German-American branch of the Chicago society will be organized in the near future."

Towards the end of January, 1915, Lochner began to receive some adverse criticisms of his peculiar peace policies from Arthur Call, of the American Peace Society:

"It's all right to stir up the animals and to advocate throwing all conventionality to the winds' and start out upon aggressive lines,' so long as you are not obliged to define conventionality' and 'aggressive lines.' I could say with equal sincerity, and I believe truth, that the one thing is needed just now is to remember conventionality' and avoid aggressive lines,' if I were permitted to define my terms."

6

6

Lochner's defense- much clever verbiage covering adroit explanations and hedging is a masterpiece of its hind.2 Another characteristic Lochner letter of this period was to Edwin H. Mead, of the World Peace Foundation of Boston who. unlike Mr. Call, was rather more sympathetic to the Emergency Peace Federation viewpoint. Here Lochner at once takes off the peace" mask in confiding to Mead his ambition to draw into the Emergency Peace Federation "the rank and file of the people," other than pacifists, and his conviction that "the only hope of the Federation lies in keeping the organized peace societies in the background. To give you an illustration: the packed

theatre last Sunday at the Powers Theatre, at which the enclosed splendid resolutions were adopted without dissenting voice, and at which the constructive program for peace was carefully dis

'Arthur Call to Lochner, Jan. 15, 1915.

Lochner to Call, Jan. 18, 1915.

cussed, two-thirds of the audience, I believe, was made up of laboring men, traveling salesmen, who happened to be in Chicago for Sunday, and the like. In other words, our annual meeting of the Peace Society the day before had taken care of the regular converts, while the popular meeting on Sunday interested a great many new organizations.

Perhaps, however, nowhere was the real scheme put as simply as in the postscript of a letter from Lochner to Jane Addams of August 19, 1917.

"Who would have thought in February, 1915," writes Lochner to Miss Addams, "when you called the Emergency Peace Federation Conference that your dream for a federation of all liberal and peace forces would be so completely realized!"

That Miss Addams was further active in organizing the February conference is evidenced by a letter to her from Zevin, of the Jewish "Daily News," under date of February 14, 1915, promising for her peace sentiments, "full publicity in both our English and Yiddish departments."

The main preparatory work for the conference, however, fell to Lochner. His letter of invitation, for instance, to the secretaries of Socialist parties and labor unions was carefully differentiated from those to peace, religious and similar orders the name of Morris Hillquit usually being dangled before " the rank and file," while that of Jane Addams served as stock attraction for the pacifists. When it came to bringing into line a hybrid organization, such as the Chicago Ethical Culture Society, Lochner had his friend, Dr. Mez, on hand. They both spoke before this body on February 18, 1915, and both praised a certain peace plan "suggesterd by Miss Wales." This plan, as will be seen later, was incorporated into the Conference platform.

As February 27th drew near and Lochner corresponded with more and more pacifists all over the country, he selected with unerring precision those on whose radical sympathies he could count. Thus he wrote, Jan. 25, 1915, to Miss Frances L. Dusenberry, of Chicago, the owner of a radical bookshop, enclosing copies of the tentative program:

"At the suggestion of Mr. W. A. Stolar, I take the liberty of sending you 100 copies of the tentative program.

Lochner to Edwin Mead, Jan. 23, 1915.
Lochner to Miss Addams, from Minneapolis.

'Form letters of invitation signed Lochner.

Lochner to Arnold B. Hall, Madison, Wis., Feb. 19, 1915.

If you can pass these on to interested persons and if you can interest people in other cities, I hope you will do so."

About the same time Lochner wrote to Dean Keppel, commending Dr. Mez" as the best trained pacifist" speaker permanently for the Carnegie Endowment.

A Lochner letter dated Feb. 1, 1915, to J. Stitt Wilson, of Berkeley, Cal., sets forth:

"There is every hope that we shall have a splendid Congress" (February 27th and 28th). "Now, we are definitely counting upon your being here at that time. In fact," the date of the Congress was set with reference to the meeting of the National Central Committee of the Socialist Party. Comrade Thompson told us that you would be here the week following and that he could practically guarantee your taking part in our meeting. Be sure not to fail us. You were the prime mover in this project and should be one of the principal speakers."

Other letters from Lochner at this period were:

To C. E. Parsons, of Grand Blanc, Mich., in reference to the question of delegates to the Conference, he advises: "If there are bodies that are not outspoken in support of our platform, but none the less interested and will become more so by hearing the discussions of the congress, by all means invite them to take part."

To Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, of the American School Peace League, Boston: "I hope by all means that you can arrange to be with us on February 27th and 28th. We shall need your counsel and advice, for while the populace is applauding the speakers there must be some trained pacifists behind the scenes to see to it that the proper program is constructed and the proper resolutions passed."

To Stolar, the Socialist vegetarian, thanking him for the Russian translation of the Conference program, which had been published in "Novy Mir."

We quote from a letter of Lochner to Rabbi Hirsch, of Chicago, of Feb. 18, 1915: "There was another matter about which I wanted to talk to you. Our friend, Mr. Edwin D. Mead, whose sympathetic attitude toward the German point of view is of course well known to you, writes me that he will arrive here on Wednesday next and will be with us throughout the convention." As to the major meetings of the conference we have no com

plete record; but through Lochner's correspondence early in March we learn a number of things concerning it:

That though Stitt Wilson could not be present, Hamilton Holt, Dr. Mez, Mme. Schwimmer, Dr. Mead and Mr. Hillquit all spoke and were paid by the Carnegie Endowment;' that Mr. Holt delivered a speech decrying all preparedness as "mob hysteria" and urging "that the United States lead the world in disarmament;"2 that Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, another Conference speaker and a very ardent internationalist, asked to have copies of the platform sent to "the foreign members of the Berne Bureau;" that Dr. Emil Hirsch acted as chairman at one of the Conference sessions; that the Emergency Peace Federation transformed itself into the National Peace Federation; and finally, that, an International Plan for Continuous Meditation without Armistice, called the Wisconsin Plan for short, was incorporated into the regular platform."

3

This plan, which was the one written by Miss Julia Wales of the University of Wisconsin, and praised by Lochner, Mez, Dr. David Starr Jordan and Dr. George Nasmyth, was briefly the old Neutral Conference idea expanded into a nebulous program for a premature and negotiated peace, as usual obliquely favorable both to Germany and internationalism.

As we read these and other formal peace documents of the period, the similarity of certain points with the program of the Russian Workmen's and Soldiers' Council of 1917 is somewhat apparent. In the case of the Wisconsin Plan it is interesting to note that its author, Miss Wales, though probably well meaning, was a strategist of no mean order, for in a letter to Jane Addams of November 14, 1915, Miss Wales, in referring to a manuscript copy of the Wisconsin Plan, wrote as follows: "What I wanted to do was to discuss it generally under the title of the Principle of Continuous Mediation,' and mention the present war only incidentally. People get hold of the idea more easily if they think of the plan only as a new device for the future, and then they make the application themselves without first getting on the defensive."

Another document on file, bearing a striking resemblance to later pronouncements, is called "A Plan for a Rehabilitation

Lochner to Henry S. Haskell of Carnegie Endowment, March 6, 1915. Hamilton Holt to Lochner, March 15, 1915, enclosing résumé of address. Mrs. Mead to Lochner, March 11, 1915.

Lochner to Dr. Hirsch, March 2, 1915.

Lochner to Mme. Schwimmer. March 24, 1915.

Lochner to David Starr Jordan, March 2, 1915.

Fund Contributed by Neutral Countries as a Substitute for War Indemnities."

Still another resolution passed at the February Conference provided for "a delegation of five to wait upon President Wilson in an endeavor to secure action" (for the Wisconsin Plan, of course). The President, however, never received this committee, even though Miss Addams was its leader.1

After these Conference records, one of the most important documents on file, is a letter from the National office of the Socialist Party, March 4, 1915, enclosing a bill from the "American Socialist," "for the display ad. which we ran of the Peace Conference."

Another letter to Lochner, dated March, 1915, is from Dr. Frederick Lynch, of The Church Peace Union urging. "Let me know when you need more money."

Following these developments there is nothing of significance to record until March 24, 1915, when Mme. Schwimmer writes from Washington, D. C., announcing her sailing on April 7, 1915, "for Christiania, Stockholm and Copenhagen before I proceed to the Hague; and will try to see the statesmen and pacifists of those countries . . It depends upon the decisions of the Hague Conference whether I go home to Hungary or whether I will have to work in another part of Europe." Mme. Schwimmer further requests that all peace and Emergency Peace Federation literature be sent to Mr. Edward G. Smith of London, "who has kept up his pacifistic attitude during the war. .. The Meads and other pacifists who used to go to London know Mr. Smith very well personally. . May I suggest to you to send a circular to all of the Women's Peace Parties and to tell them that a part of their work is to get their men organized into the National Peace Federation? I see that the men are most eager to join any organization that is ready for action. They are only unwilling to join peace societies when they are treated like children who have to sit still and look at the professionals who teach .. May I beg you to keep me informed and to send me every kind of printed matter that you may publish in the future to my temporary address, care of Mrs. Wulfften-Palthe, 35 van Stolweg, Hague, Netherlands? As the correspondence with other countries is at any rate better to go through Holland, this Dutch address may remain until I notify otherwise." As a postscript, Mme. Schwimmer adds: "Please send National Peace Federa