same rights as native workers, including the right to join unions and to strike. Punishment shall be provided for those who oppose the rights of organization and association.

"Foreign workers have the right to the wages and conditions of labor which have been agreed upon between the unions and employers in all branches of industry. Lacking such agreements, they shall have the right to the wages current in the region.

"(10) Emigration shall in general be free. Exceptions shall be made in the following cases:

66

(a) A state may temporarily limit immigration during a period of economic depression in order to protect the native as well as the foreign workers.

"(b) Any state may control immigration in the interests of public hygiene and may temporarily forbid it. (c) States may demand of immigrants that they be able to read and write in their own tongue- this in order to maintain a minimum of popular education and to render possible the application of labor laws in industries employing immigrants.

"The contracting states agree to introduce without delay laws forbidding engaging workers by contract to work in other countries, thus putting an end to the abuse of private employment agencies. Such contracts shall be forbidden.

"The contracting states agree to prepare statistics of the labor market based upon local reports, mutually exchanging information as often as possible through a central international office. These statistics shall be communicated to the trade unions of each country. No worker shall be expelled from any country for trade union activity; he shall have the right of appealing to the courts against expulsion.

"If wages be insufficient to assure a normal life, and if it be impossible for employers and workers to agree, the government shall institute mixed commissions to establish minimum wages.

"(11) In order to combat unemployment, the trade union centers of the various countries maintain relations and exchange information relative to the demand and supply of labor. A system of insurance against unemployment shall be established in all countries.

"(12) All workers shall be insured by the state against industrial accidents. The benefits paid the injured or their

dependents shall be fixed according to the laws of the worker's country of origin. Old age and invalidity insurance, and insurance for widows and orphans, shall be established with equal benefits for natives and foreigners.

"A foreign worker may, on departure, if he has been victim of an industrial accident, receive a lump sum—if such an agreement has been concluded between the country where he has been working and his country of origin.

"(13) A special international code shall be created for the protection of seamen, to be applied in collaboration with the seamen's unions.

"(14) The application of these measures shall in each country be confided to labor inspectors. These inspectors shall be chosen among technical, sanitary and economic experts and aided by the workers of both sexes.

"The trade unions shall watch over the application of the labor laws. Employers employing more than four workers speaking foreign tongues shall post the labor regulations and other important notices in the respective languages and shall at their own expense teach the language of the country to their employees.

"(15) To apply the international labor legislation the contracting states shall create a permanent commission constituted half of delegates of the states which are members of the league of nations and half of delegates of the international federation of labor unions.

"This permanent commission shall convoke annually the delegations of the contracting states to perfect the international labor legislation. This conference should be one-half composed of representatives of the organized workers of each country; it shall have power to make resolutions having the force of international law.

"The Permanent Commission shall collaborate with the International Labor Office at Bale and with the International Union of Trade Unions.

No. 3

"THE LUCERNE CONFERENCE

"The Committee for the Reconstitution of the International convened an international conference at Lucerne, August 2-9, 1919, to receive reports of the activities of the various com

mittees elected at the Berne Conference. The various discussions at this Conference followed the tenor of the discussions at Berne. With a few exceptions, the decisions and resolutions of the Lucerne Conference represent the points of view expressed by the delegates at Berne, primarily because almost the same groups and individuals were represented at both conferences. Wells of the German Majority Socialists was concerned about Germany's admission into the League of Nations; Vandervelde argued that there can be no unity between the Second and Third International; Bernstein, Tsereteli and De Brouckere attacked the Russian Bolsheviks, while Hilferding, Adler, Longuet and Troelstra criticized the majority of the Conference for their failure to recognize the changes which had taken place in the revolutionary struggles of the workers.

66

The Conference adopted a series of resolutions protesting against the reactionary coup d'etat in Hungary, allied military intervention in Russia, the continuance of the blockade against Soviet Russia and the economic support of Russian counterrevolutionary governments. The Conference again reiterated the desire to send a commission of inquiry to Soviet Russia to find out about the work of the Bolshevik government and hear testimony of the various Russian Socialist groups opposed to the Bolsheviks.

"The Conference accepted the recommendation of the Committee for the Reconstitution of the International that a plenary meeting of an International Labor and Socialist Congress should be convoked in Geneva on February 2, 1920, to which all international sections of the labor and Socialist movements accepting the principles of international Socialism should be invited. It was agreed that the agenda for this congress should include the following subjects: 1. The adoption of the draft statutes of the International. 2. Questions of responsibilities. 3. General policy of International including Peace, Democracy, Dictatorship, Socialization and Labor Legislation. 4. Organization of the press. The Permanent Committee of Action was instructed to circulate reports of the following subjects, not later than one month before the Geneva Congress: 1. Forms of democracy and its representative institutions. 2. Place of revolution in the transformation of society. 3. Relations between industry and political organization. 4. Plans for the socialization of industry in view of the present struggle between the proletariat and capitalist power. Altogether 408 votes were allotted to all the

delegates from the various countries with France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia and the United States receiving thirty votes each. "It was also decided that a concurrent meeting of parliamentary representatives of Labor and Socialist parties be held with a view to the creation of a permanent commission of Labor and Socialist parliamentary groups and to consider how joint action between parliamentary groups in different countries may be promoted, through the exchange of information and the study of questions of common interest, and to decide upon the steps which may be necessary for securing the universal adoption of decisions which have as their object the establishment of international labor standards.

"The secretary of the International Socialist Bureau is Camille Huysmans, Maison du Peuple, Brussels, Belgium.”

At a meeting in London in December of the Arrangements Committee of the Second Socialist International under the Presidency of Arthur Henderson, it was decided to postpone until July 1, 1920, a meeting of the International Socialist Congress at Geneva, which had previously been arranged for February 2d. This change of date was proposed by the Swiss, Austrian and Danish parties, which are strongly tinged with Bolshevism. The schism between the various sections of the European Socialists have been growing more and more acute. The old or Second International had organized headquarters at Brussels. The new, extreme or Third International, organized at Moscow, had been joined by the branches of the Socialist Party of the Balkans, as well as by the Spartacides, by the whole Italian Socialist Party, and by the Norwegian Socialists. It was thought possible that before July there would be further changes of the allegiance between the Second and Third Internationals. The meeting of the French Socialists at the close of January in Strassburg was expected to lead to developments in the direction of a Third International distinct from that established at Moscow. which had been foreshadowed by a meeting of the Independent Socialists of Germany.

No. 4

66 CLAUSES PROPOSED FOR INSERTION IN THE TREATY OF PEACE.

"The High Contracting Parties declare their acceptance of the following principles, and engage to take all necessary steps to secure their realization in accordance with the recommendation

to be made by the International Labor Conference as to their practical application:

"1. In right and in fact the labor of a human being should not be treated as merchandise or an article of

commerce.

"2. Employees and workers should be allowed the right of association for all lawful purposes.

"3. No child should be permitted to be employed in industry or commerce before the age of fourteen years, in order that every child may be ensured reasonable opportunities for mental and physical education.

"Between the years of fourteen and eighteen, young persons of either sex may only be employed on work which is not harmful to their physical development and on condition that the continuation of their technical or general education is ensured.

"4. Every worker has a right to a wage adequate to maintain a reasonable standard of life, having regard to the civilization of his time and country.

"5. Equal pay should be given to women and to men for work of equal value in quantity and quality.

"6. A weekly rest, including Sunday or its equivalent, for all workers.

"7. Limitation of the hours of work in industry on the basis of eight hours a day of forty-eight hours a week, subject to an exception for countries in which climatic conditions, the imperfect development of industrial organization or other special circumstances render the industrial efficiency of the workers substantially different. The International Labor Conference will recommend a basis approximately equivalent to the above for adoption in such countries.

"8. In all matters concerning their status as workers and social insurance foreign workmen lawfully admitted to any country and their families should be ensured the same treatment as the nationals of that country.

"9. All States should institute a system of inspection in which women should take part, in order to ensure the enforcement of the laws and regulations for the protection of the workers" (American Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, p. 128).