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Secor and Miss Balch, four ex-members of the Ford Peace Neutral Conference at Stockholm. Clearly Lochner, who, according to a later statement,' had spent a year in Europe after the Ford party disbanded, had come back at the first sign of serious trouble between Germany and the United States, to steer emergency" peace ventures once more.

Simultaneously with the central office in New York, an Emergency Peace Federation Committee was formed in Washington, D. C., according to a bulletin letter sent out to members of the Woman's Peace Party by Miss Secor, February 9, 1917, "On the initiative of Miss Balch and Dr. Kirchwey." This "legislative branch" of the federation, which represented the American Union against Militarism, the American Peace Party, and the Women's Peace Party, at once proceeded to co-operate with New York headquarters in arranging with them for a great peace demonstration to be held in Washington on February 12, 1917.2

In Chicago, though, no new peace federation was formally organized at this time, the Woman's Peace Party of Chicago, representing the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, led by such women as Jane Addams, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Garlin Spencer, and Mrs. Louis F. Post, became very active along the old Emergency Peace Federation lines. On February 7, 1917, Miss Addams, as chairman, sent out a bulletin letter which proved, among other things, that she, as well as the Ford veterans in New York, was still faithful both to the International and German comrades. The bulletin covered the following points:

(a) A telegram sent by Miss Addams on February 3, 1917, to President Wilson, urging an alliance with neutral nations in an endeavor to avoid war.

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(b) (1) Cablegram from several peace organizations to Dr. Anita Augspurg, secretary of the national committee in Germany: Many American women join with the members of our international committee in sending messages of good will to our German sisters and share our hopes that war may yet be averted."

(2) A cablegram to Dr. Aletta Jacobs, of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace at Amsterdam: "Members of our international committee have sent greetings to German women and are making utmost efforts to allay war spirit."

Lochner's statement, May 30, 1917, p. 29, First Amer. Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace.

'Form letter of Woman's Peace Party, Feb. 9, 1917.

(c) A petition to President Wilson to avert war through an official neutral conference and a referendum vote: This to be signed by as many members of the Woman's Peace Party as possible.

(d) The creation of a clearing house for peace activities under the auspices of the Woman's Peace Party of New York.

(e) Urging members of the Woman's Peace Party to co-operate with the American Union against Militarism in telegraphing the President, senators and congressmen endorsing "Mr. Bryan's statement to the American people."

Following the Addams bulletin letter a somewhat similar one was issued on February 9, 1917, jointly by the secretaries of the Chicago Woman's Peace Party and the New York Emergency Peace Federation, urging attendance of members at the proposed peace demonstration in Washington on February 12, 1917. Though the heavy work leading up to this pilgrimage fell on the shoulders of Miss Secor, at Emergency Peace Federation headquarters in New York, she was aided by two influential local women in Mrs. Henry Villard and Mrs. J. Sargent Cram, both of whom were delegates to the meeting. Further, as Mrs. Villard was honorary chairman, not only of the Emergency Peace Federation, but of the Woman's Peace Party of New York as well, with such women as Crystal Eastman, Mrs. Amos Pinchot, Mrs. James Warbasse, Madeline Doty, Mary Austin, Mrs. Frederic Howe, Carrie Chapman Catt, Mrs. Florence Kelley, Mary Shaw, Lillian Wald, Anna Strunsky Walling, Margaret Lane, Agnes Brown Leach, Mrs. Jacques Loeb, Tracy Mygatt, and Nellie M. Smith on her staff, she was able to give Miss Secor substantial aid in many directions.

About the same time Miss Secor was receiving some expert advice in organizing pacifists from W. E. Williams, at the time publicity manager of the Commonwealth Construction Corporation of New York City. Among other things he advised:

(1) A committee of American Federation of Labor people, to persuade unions in all parts of the country to endorse the peace program; Miss Secor personally to influence the farmers' organizations to the same end.

(2) Each local representative of the Emergency Peace Federation to form a committee representing union labor, Socialism and 1Letter of Woman's Peace Party of N. Y. City.

other radical groups, peace parties, farmers' organizations and religious societies opposed to war.

(3) Emphasis to be laid on the fact that since the platform of the federation was "merely tentative" delegates would not necessarily be required to endorse it.1 Thus it will be seen that the old method of federating radicals with pacifists was again followed, even to reassuring those who were alarmed by the socialistic platform with its "tentative program manoeuvre." That the radical delegates themselves understood this strategy perfectly is clear from a letter from W. J. Wright, representing the Socialist Party of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, at the Washington demonstration:

"Dear Comrade," wrote Mr. Wright, May 7, 1917, to Miss Secor, "... So let us get together the Emergency Peace Federation' to be its name, but let us merge it into the American Union against Militarism, Socialist Party and all societies who oppose Prussianizing the United States for the purpose of crushing militarism in Germany. Formulate some plan that we may all co-operate."

Among other early advisers of Miss Secor in the field about this period were Rear Admiral Chadwick, (Telegram, Feb. 10, 1917), Benjamin Marsh, of Washington, D. C., (Telegram, Feb. , 1917), Robert Bringler, of the State Socialist Party of Penncylvania, (Telegram, Feb. 10, 1917), and C. H. Sorensen of Lincoln, Nebraska (another Ford veteran), all of whom sent encouraging and helpful telegrams to her, Sorensen being especially so in his message:

Feb. 8, 1917.

"I am bringing with me president of organization representing 40,000 farmers. .

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On February 7, 1917, a mass meeting was held at Cooper Union, at which Mrs. Warbasse, Norman Thomas, Lochner, and Dr. Henry Neumann, all spoke. Whether or not this meeting actually recruited pilgrims for the February 12th celebration, when Lincoln's birthday of 1917 arrived, there were 250 delegates, headed by Mrs. Villard and Mrs. Cram, who appeared at the White House with a view "of urging that no action be taken which would plunge this country into war."

1 W. E. Williams to Miss Secor, from 18 E. 41st, N. Y. City.

And if at the crucial moment the ladies had to content themselves with pouring out their pacifism to Mr. Tumulty, nothing in the formal history of the occasion is allowed to hint of any chagrin on their part.1

The expense, of course, of 250 delegates to and from Washington, particularly since they chartered two special trains, one at $6,000,2 were heavy; but no doubt the delegates felt themselves justified.

As Miss Shelly has said, a great part of the money collected went into peace publicity from time to time. This seems to have been accomplished entirely through the firm of Joseph Ellner & Co., Ltd., which received altogether nearly $50,000 from the Emergency Peace Federation for advertising.3

After the Washington demonstration was over the Emergency Peace Federation officials began to receive some valuable contributions in their anti-war drive from pacifists in many parts of the country. For instance, B. F. Koopman, a "pacifist" of Davenport, Iowa, offered to spread propaganda in this fashion: "As a traveling man,'" wrote Mr. Koopman, Feb. 13, 1917, covering Eastern Iowa and Western Illinois, it seems to me I might do some good in the distribution of 'peace literature,' petitions, etc."

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To this letter Miss Shelly wired an appreciative answer Feb. 17, 1917, which said, in part:

"Imperative that members of Congress hear immediately from constituents opposing war. You can best help by organizing Emergency Peace Committees in all localities you touch. No need elaborate organization. Simply see that active group pledges itself to stimulate sending letters and telegrams Congress daily. As soon as group is formed wire name of chairman to this office. Urge friends and traveling acquaintances to wire and write to Congress immediately opposing war."

Later, Miss Teresa McMahon, of the University of Washington, at Seattle agreed to do what she could for the "legislative committee" of the Emergency Peace Federation, in the way of bring

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31,

Typewritten account of Feb. 12, 1917 demonstration.

Check for $6,000 to Penn. R. R. from Emergency Peace Federation, March 1917.

'Exhibit Series of checks to Ellner & Co.

ing pressure on Congress; and giving the names of Dr. Anna Louise Strong and Mrs. Thomas Crahan as Seattle women who would make better propagandists than herself.1 Mrs. Jessic Hardy Mackaye, of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in Washington, used her office to send out peace letters and telegrams. On February 13, 1917, she reported sending "the following night letter to radicals: "2

"Will you co-operate with legislative committee Emergency Peace Federation at Washington by organizing peace committee in your Congressional District? Wire your Senatois, Congressman and President. Arrange mass meetings, pass resolutions. Immediate action imperative. Please wire me name and address chairman your committee.

"(Signed)

JESSIE HARDY MACKAYE,

"Acting Secretary."

About the same time, Mrs. A. D. Warbasse, of Brooklyn, wrote to report cheerfully:3

"I have paid the bill for advertising in the 'Post' this morning, and am very glad that the investment has brought such splendid returns.

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Mrs. Lola Maverick Lloyd, of Chicago, (since divorced from Wm. Bross Lloyd the Communist), one of the faithful pacifists of 1915, and special friend of Frau Schwimmer, suggested calling a conference of English, Germans and well-known Americans "just as the American Union against Militarism called the Americans and Mexicans to El Paso. Could the Allies safely prevent?*

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Mr. Prince Hopkins, of Boyland, California, formed a branch of the Emergency Peace Federation at Santa Barbara, Cal.; Dr. Jacques Loeb, of the Rockefeller Institute, submitted his article on Biology and the War," to be used as campaign literature by the federation; and some faithful comrade sent to headquarters a copy of a Socialist-pacifist message, from Arthur LeSueur, of the Non-Partisan League, to Dante Barton.'

'Letter to Jessie Mackaye. Feb. 14, 1917. Memorandum, Feb. 13, 1917 (typed).

'A. D. Warbasse to Miss Secor, Feb. 22, 1917.

Lola M. Lloyd to Miss Secor, in post-script.

Letter from Dr. M. M. Yates to E. P. F. Apr. 17, 1917.

Dr. Loeb to Conference Committee, Feb. 9, 1917.

'Le Sueur to Barton on Government confiscation, etc., Feb. 29, 1917.

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