such distant decorums, as delude them in their vanities, or engage them in their passions. He is their greatest favourite who is the falsest; and when a man by such vile gradations arrives at the height of grandeur and power, he is then at best but in a circumstance to be hated, and in a condition to be hanged, for serving their ends, so many a minister has found it!

I believe you did not want advice in the letter you sent by my Lord Grantham; I presume you writ it not, without and you could not have better, if I guess right at the person who agreed to your doing it', in respect to any decency you ought to observe: for I take that person to be a perfect judge of decencies and forms. I am not without fears even on that person's account; I think it a bad omen. But what have I to do with court omens? Dear Gay, adieu. I can only add a plain uncourtly speech; while you are nobody's servant, you may be any one's friend; and as such, I embrace you in all conditions of life. While I have a shilling, you shall have sixpence, nay eightpence, if I can contrive to live upon a groat. I am faithfully,

Your, &c.

LETTER LXX.

DR. SWIFT TO MR. GAY.

Dublin, Nov. 27, 1727.

I ENTIRELY approve your refusal of that employment, and your writing to the queen. I am perfectly confident you have a keen enemy in the ministry. God forgive him, but not till he puts himself in a state to be

and betrays equally the spleen and ignorance of the author. If there is any thing offensive and disgusting in wealth, it is where its superiority is unmitigated by education; but this is very far from being the case with respect to English nobility, or English gentlemen.-Bowles.

This relates to the death of George I. and the succession of Gay's patrons, the prince and princess, to the throne, from whom he expected preferment.—Bowles.

forgiven. Upon reasoning with myself, I should hope they are gone too far to discard you quite, and that they will give you something; which, although much less than they ought, will be (as far as it is worth) better circumstantiated: and since you already just live, a middling help will make you just tolerable. Your lateness in life (as you so soon call it) might be improper to begin the world with, but almost the eldest men may hope to see changes in a court. A minister is always seventy: you are are thirty years younger; and consider, Cromwell himself did not begin to appear till he was older than you. I beg you will be thrifty, and learn to value a shilling, which Dr. Birch said was a serious thing. Get a stronger fence about your 1000l. and throw the inner fence into the heap, and be advised by your Twickenham landlord and me about an annuity. You are the most refractory, honest, good-natured man I ever have known; I could argue out this paper. I am very glad your Opera is finished, and hope your friends will join the readier to make it succeed, because you are ill-used by others.

I have known courts these thirty-six years, and know they differ; but in some things they are extremely constant: First 2, in the trite old maxim of a minister's never forgiving those he hath injured: Secondly, in the insincerity of those who would be thought the best friends: Thirdly, in the love of fawning, cringing, and tale-bearing: Fourthly, in sacrificing those whom we really wish well, to a point of interest, or intrigue:

2 Warton says, "Let every expectant of preferment, in Church and State, carefully attend to, and remember, these five reflections of a man well versed in courts." Which "five reflections" are the five reflections (and no doubt five more equally sagacious might be added) of almost all those who

"Ploravere suis non respondere favorem
Speratum meritis."-Bowles.

Fifthly, in keeping every thing worth taking, for those who can do service or disservice.

Now why does not Pope publish his Dulness? the rogues he marks will die of themselves in peace, and so will his friends, and so there will be neither punishment nor reward. Pray inquire how my Lord St. John does? there is no man's health in England I am more concerned about than his. I wonder whether you begin to taste the pleasure of independency; or whether you do not sometimes leer upon the court, oculo retorto? will you not think of an annuity, when you are two years older, and have doubled your purchase-money? Have you dedicated your Opera, and got the usual dedication-fee of twenty guineas? How is the Doctor? Does he not chide that you never called upon him for hints? Is my Lord Bolingbroke at the moment I am writing, a planter, a philosopher, or a writer? Is Mr. Pulteney in expectation of a son, or my Lord Oxford of a new old manuscript?

I bought your Opera to-day for sixpence, a cursed print. I find there is neither dedication nor preface, both which wants I approve; it is in the grand goût.

We are all as full of it pro modulo nostro as London can be; continually acting, and houses crammed, and the Lord Lieutenant several times there laughing his heart out. I did not understand that the scene of Locket and Peachum's quarrel was an imitation of one between Brutus and Cassius, till I was told it. I wish Macheath, when he was going to be hanged, had imitated Alexander the Great when he was dying: I

3 Some of those songs, that contained the severest satire against the court, were written by Pope; particularly,

and also,

"Thro' all the employments of life,”—

"Since laws were made," &c.-Warton.

A hint that might have been worked up with much humour: as was the quarrel of Locket and Peachum.-Warton.

VOL. VIII.

L

would have had his fellow-rogues desire his commands about a successor, and he to answer, Let it be the most worthy, &c. We hear a million of stories about the Opera, of the applause of the song That was levell'd at me, when two great ministers were in a box together, and all the world staring at them. I am heartily glad your Opera hath mended your purse, though perhaps it may spoil your court.

Will you desire my Lord Bolingbroke, Mr. Pulteney, and Mr. Pope to command you to buy an annuity with two thousand pounds? that you may laugh at courts, and bid ministers

Ever preserve some spice of the alderman, and prepare against age and dulness, and sickness, and coldness or death of friends. A whore has a resource left, that she can turn bawd; but an old decayed poet is a creature abandoned, and at mercy, when he can find none. Get me likewise Polly's mezzo-tinto 5. Lord! how the school-boys at Westminster, and University lads adore you at this juncture! Have you made as many men laugh, as ministers can make weep?

I will excuse Sir the trouble of a letter: when ambassadors came from Troy to condole with Tiberius

5 This was Miss Lavinia Fenton. She afterwards became Duchess of Bolton. She was very accomplished; was a most agreeable companion : had much wit, and strong good sense, and a just taste in polite literature. Her person was agreeable and well-made; though she could not be called a beauty. I have had the pleasure of being at table with her, when her conversation was much admired by the first characters of the age, particularly the old Lord Bathurst, and Lord Granville. Quin thought the success of this Opera so doubtful, that he would not undertake to play the part of Macheath, but gave it up to Walker. And indeed it had liked to have miscarried and been damned, till Polly sung in a most tender and affecting manner, the words

"For on the rope that hangs my dear,
Depends poor Polly's life."

This is the air that is said irresistibly to have conquered the lover who afterwards married her.-Warton.

The Duke of Argyle, in a letter to Dodington, 1728, says,

"All the news we have in this part of the world is, that the Duke of Bournonville is trying to get Gibraltar, and the Duke of Bolton has got Polly."-Bowles.

upon the death of his nephew, after two years; the emperor answered, that he likewise condoled with them for the untimely death of Hector. I always loved and respected him very much, and do still as much as ever; and it is a return sufficient, if he pleases to accept the offers of my most humble service.

The Beggars' Opera hath knocked down Gulliver; I hope to see Pope's Dulness knock down the Beggars' Opera, but not till it hath fully done its job.

To expose vice, and make people laugh with innocence, does more public service, than all the ministers of state from Adam to Walpole, and so adieu.

LETTER LXXI.

LORD BOLINGBROKE AND MR. POPE TO DR. SWIFT.

(1728.)

POPE charges himself with this letter; he has been here two days, he is now hurrying to London, he will hurry back to Twickenham in two days more, and before the end of the week he will be, for aught I know, at Dublin. In the mean time his Dulness grows and flourishes as if he was there already. It will indeed be a noble work; the many will stare at it, the few will smile, and all his patrons from Bickerstaff to Gulliver will rejoice, to see themselves adorned in that immortal piece.

I hear that you have had some return of your illness which carried you so suddenly from us (if indeed it was your own illness which made you in such haste to be at Dublin). Dear Swift, take care of your health; I will give you a receipt for it, à la Montaigne, or which is better, à la Bruyère. Nourrisser bien vôtre corps; ne

6 The Dunciad.-Warburton.