theory" and its consequences, as held by Thomsen, Nilsson, Lisch, and Hildebrand. An analysis of the celebrated work of Hildebrand is given as a starting point for the criticism. According to this theory, the chronological order is Stone, Bronze, and Iron, while the transition is made only by the introduction of a new people. Hostmann agrees with the Duke of Argyll: "They talk of an Old Stone Age and of a Newer Stone Age, and of a Bronze Age, and of an Iron Age. Now, there is no proof whatever that such ages ever existed in the world!" These three so-called ages are subjects for three critical essays, from which it appears that the three-period theory is quite artificial, and contradictory to the results of archæology. "The step from a stone period into a bronze period is absolutely impossible." Under normal conditions, iron is the first metal that men learn to produce. In the essay on the Homeric xalxós, the author finds that the oldest meaning of the term is iron. In Homer's time copper was imported, but iron was native and much in use. Iron is supposed to have been discovered on the Phrygian Ida 225 years before the taking of Troy, or 1432 B. C. Likewise, in his essay on the Sanscrit ayas, Hostmann concludes, against Zimmer and Schrader, that the term signifies iron. The priority of iron among the metals is with the author an established fact. A study of the metal work of Mitylene leads to the conclusion that we may speak "only of a metallic and premetallic age," but it is not shown that one can speak of a non-metallic age. Dr. Lindenschmidt seems to be justified in speaking particularly of the great learning and comprehensive judgment of Hostmann.

Die evangelische Theologie in ihrem Verhältnisse zu Wissenschaft und Frömmigkeit. Pp. 24. Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht's Verlag, Göttingen. 60 Pf. Theology is a science of beliefs, not a belief about beliefs. In the elementary stages of natural religion there is neither actual science nor faith, yet the material for both. The beginnings of science, natural and speculative, were made by the priesthood. Here Religion becomes the mother of Science. Theological science is possible only in the prophetic religions, and here it may become scientific in the strictest sense, provided its content does not depend upon its form. Historical Christianity affords a scientific theology. This theology recognizes and demands the true Evangelical Christianity. But not every church called Christian can support such a theology, and not every theology can be supported or tolerated in the Christian Church. Only that theology can work among other sciences that casts aside every remnant of Scholasticism. "The Evangelical Church has room for a true theology, because she recognizes no other condition of salvation than personal faith in the gospel through the free grace of God in Christ."

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Kanon und Text des Alten Testaments, dargestellt von Dr. Frantz Buhl, ord. Professor der Theologie zu Leipzig. Pp. vi, 262. Akademische Buchhandlung (W. Faber), Leipzig. 1891. Mrk. 6. An enlargement and translation of a work published by the author in Sweden five years ago. It claims to give the results of the most recent investigations of the Old Testament Canon and Text. The expression, κανὼν τῆς ἀληθείας Kai TŶs TiσTEws, is first found in the Grecian Fathers of the fourth century, but the idea was a living one with the early Christians, and with the Jews B. C. The work falls into the special sphere of pre-Christie Judaism, and deals mainly with the historical process as it is there exhibited, though not without attention to its reflex in Christianity. Thus, after the treatment of the Babylonian Canon and that of the Alexandrian Jews,

we have a valuable presentation of the Old Testament Canon as regarded by the New Testament Scriptures and the Christian Church. This prepares the way for a history of the Old Testament texts, pp. 79-197. The facts that simple and safe means to discover the original texts are entirely wanting, and that no text can be found to which the different existing texts can be referred, impose some degree of modesty on Old Testament critics. It is only by a careful study of the form and history of the different collections, with their literature and translations, that any safe method of procedure can be devised, or reliable results obtained. This is the idea which Dr. Buhl would carry out in his work. The results are elaborated under two divisions, the outer and the inner history of the Old Testament text. Among other conclusions we notice there is clear evidence that B. C., and even into the first century, a text existed, in the hands of the Pharisees, which we may regard as the original of such texts as we possess, and of which the Septuagint is the most faithful representative.

Die christliche Weltanschauung und Kant's sittlicher Glaube. Lic. Theol. Chr. Schrempf. Pp. xiv, 54. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen. 1891. Mrk. 1.20. This essay is, strictly speaking, a philosophical study of the relation of Kant's system to the evident teaching of Jesus Christ. The author makes his discussion more subjective than is commonly done. This is probably due to the influence of his master, Sören Kierkegaard. He maintains that Christ is not understood by those who take an egoistic view of Christianity, nor can He be understood by those who take Kant's practical philosophy as a standpoint from which to consider the gospel. For Kant, freedom is the first principle; with Christ, God. The first is the ethics of autonomy; the second, of Theonomy. By the one we have only a critical principle; by the other, a moral law. Thus Kant cannot lead to Christ, but he who accepts Kant's postulates and requirements must turn from Kant to Christ to find a law that obliges and enables him to give to his entire life moral contents.

Erkenntnisslehre. Von Dr. Al. Schmid, Professor an der Universität München. Erster Band, pp. vii, 498. Zweiter Band, pp. v, 428. Herders'sche Verlagshandlung, Freiburg im Breisgau, und St. Louis, Mo. Mrk. 9. Geb. 12.60. Dr. Schmid, holding that Epistemology is the subjective foundation of all the sciences, has endeavored to give a comprehensive historico-systematic view of this department. The first volume is concerned mainly with the history of the problem, beginning, after the introduction, with a critical history of Philosophic Doubt. The secondchapter, pp. 111-243, is an elaborate discussion of the various theories concerning sense perceptions and intuitions. The third section is an historical exposition of the two great schools, Sensualism and Intellectualism, from their earliest to their latest representatives. The second volume is given to a systematic statement and solution of the problem from the standpoint of Intellectualism. Here follow in order Metaphysics (Psychology, Cosmology, and Ontology), Logic, Ethics, and Esthetics. The final general division, pp. 283-418, is a critical examination of the sensual and the intellectual systems. Concerning the character or direction of the work, Dr. Schmidt takes what he regards as "the standpoint of a philosophia perennis, which, in the course of history, remains steadfast in character, yet is never antiquated, because it is ever renewing its youth and never outliving itself." Certainly, Epistemology is not in a position at the present time to ignore this system; nor is this system to be

condemned because it did not spring up yesterday; nor is it to be judged, as is commonly done, by traditional prejudices. The shrug-and-smile method of dealing with systems of which one is ignorant is not in strict agreement with the philosophic spirit. We know of no work on Epistemology which is more interesting, and more clearly written. It not only acquaints us with an old and new standpoint, but shows us the entire history of the subject from this standpoint. If nothing more were offered, this would be sufficient to recommend it to students of philosophy, especially those who are interested in the history of philosophy. Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, von D. Emil Schürer, Professor der Theologie zu Kiel. Zweite neubearbeitete Auflage des Lehrbuchs der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte. 2 Theile. 894 und 751 pages. 1886 u. 1890. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. Mrk. 38. Geb. Mrk. 43. With the appearance of the second half of the first volume, the second edition of Schürer's great work is complete. The extent of revision and addition is seen in the fact that there are in the present edition 940 pages more than in the first. This work is partly the cause, partly the result, of the recent and growing conviction that the entire New Testament Scriptures were written with a tacit consideration of the circumstances of the Jewish people in the first century, and that here we are to find perspective and background for early Christian institutions. Schürer's work has been so often and widely noticed that we need only indicate the outline of this newest part, which, after a general introduction to the whole, pp. 1-127, is concerned solely with Jewish political history in two parts: (a) from Antiochus Epiphanes to the overthrow of Jerusalem by Pompey (175–63 B. c.); (b) from the fall of Jerusalem to the Hadrianic wars (63 B. C.-135 A. D.). Pp. 593– 751 are given to supplements and registers. The registers are noteworthy as belonging to the entire work, and also for their completeness. These are four in number: (a) Biblical texts; (b) Hebrew words; (c) Greek words; and (d) names and subject-matter, pp. 667-741. It is needless to say that here the work is regarded as unrivaled. We also call attention to an interesting discourse, Ueber den jüdischen Hintergrund im Neuen Testament, by Prof. Dr. Georg Schnedermann. Pp. 21. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. 40 Pf.

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Politik der konstitutionellen Staaten, von Dr. Karl Walcker. Pp. vii, 301. Macklot'sche Buchhandlung, Karlssruhe. Mrk. 8. — This work is an effort to give a new and brief exposition of the present condition of investigations on scientific politics.". . . "My work discusses the physiology, pathology, and therapeutics of the political life of civilized. states." In connection with this, the author aims to call attention to the most important literature on the subject at home and abroad, and to fit his book for reference by adding indices of names and matter. He points out likenesses and differences of various lands and peoples; describes different forms of the state; discusses constitutional and administrative politics; finds the dangers of the modern state, not in anarchy and communism, but in Feudalism and Ultramontanism, yet concludes that “the progress of humanity is possible and probable." The work, on the whole, seems better adapted to Germany than to America, although it contains much of general interest.

Zur Geschichte des Erkenntnisproblems. Von Bacon zu Hume. Von Eudard Grimm. Pp. xii, 596. Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich. K. R. Hofbuchhändler, Leipzig. Mrk. 12. The philosophers here

can

considered are Bacon, Hobbes (pp. 61-173), Locke, Berkeley (pp. 367– 437), and Hume. This school is by no means purely empirical. It ca be termed such only because it stands over against the older rationalism by emphasizing experience as a source of knowledge. The history of the problem of knowledge as presented in this school, says Grimm, may be regarded as a drama in five acts, which rises in interest and importance from Bacon to Locke, revolutionizes in Berkeley, and finds its catastrophe in Hume. This happy simile suggests not only the author's general view of the field, but also many corrections which he makes of current opinion concerning the philosophical relations of the members of this school. These philosophers are not to be regarded as depending one upon another, although all are at one in setting out from experience. Hume is the reversal of Locke, not a consequent. Hobbes and Locke endeavored to reach a knowledge the certainty of which is independent of experience. Bacon, Hobbes, and Locke are at one in putting science in the closest relation with life, and in holding that science has no other use or purpose than as it ministers to practical life. This differentiates the philosophies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The revolution in Berkeley was to attach value to theory as theory, and to place metaphysics in the chair. Had Berkeley not written, Hume's "Treatise" would have been impossible. Thus, while we have the two greatest, or at least most acute, modern metaphysicians in Berkeley and Hume, the revival of philosophy after Hume went back to Locke as a starting point. On the whole, Grimm's exposition is the best we have; and if one is to leave the study of the originals, or desires a helpful companion in the study, Grimm may be well recommended. He has avoided the most vicious errors of expositors, namely, of making a fragment or one work of an author represent his position, of ignoring the explicit advices of the philosophers themselves, and of presenting merely the negative side of a system to the exclusion or perversion of the positive or constructive. For instance, Hume tells us explicitly that he wishes to be represented by his latest work, "An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding," and not by his Treatise of Human Nature," yet his expositors have used the "Treatise" almost solely, and, by their assumption of knowing Hume's position better than Hume himself knew it, have not only ignored the positive and constructive elements of his system, but given it a purely negative character, not even refusing to it the appellation of Nihilism. Grimm avoids this one-sidedness, not only in regard to Hume, but also in his exposition of Hobbes and Locke. The fact that Grimm is not a professor of philosophy may account for his successful exposition of these five great modern philosophers who were not professors.

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Mattoon M. Curtis.

LEIPZIG, GERMANY.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Roberts Brothers, Boston. Positive Religion. Essays, Fragments, and Hints. By Joseph Henry Allen, author of "Hebrew Men and Times, Christian History in its Three Great Periods," "Our Liberal Movement in Theology," etc. Pp. xii, 259. $1.25.

Universalist Publishing House, Boston. Christian Types of Heroism: a Study of the Heroic Spirit under Christianity. By John Coleman Adams, D. D. Pp. 208. 1891. 75 cents.

The Students' Publishing Co., Hartford, Conn. The Epistle to the Galatians. Designed as a text-book for class-room use and for private study. By George B. Stevens, Ph. D., D. D., Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in Yale University. Pp. 240. 1890.

American Tract Society, New York. The Pastor Amidst his Flock.

By Rev.

G. P. Willcox, D. D., Professor in Chicago Theological Seminary. Pp. 186. 1890.

John Wiley & Sons, New York. Memorabilia of George B. Cheever, D. D., and of his wife, Elizabeth Wetmore Cheever. In Verse and Prose. Pp. 430. 1890.

E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. Christian Socialism, What and Why. What is Socialism? What are its Causes? What is its Relation to Christianity? How can the great Social and Economic Changes it involves be brought about by Just and Orderly Methods? By the Rev. Philo W. Sprague, Rector of St. John's Church, Charlestown, Mass. With Appendix: Address of the Bishop of Durham on Socialism. 16mo. Pp. vi, 204. 1891. Cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents.

Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Frederick Douglass, the Colored Orator. By Frederic May Holland, author of "The Reign of the Stoics," "Stories from Robert Browning," "The Rise of Intellectual Liberty," etc. Pp. vi, 423. $1.50.

1891.

David Nutt, London. A Full Account and Collation of the Greek Cursive Codex Evangelium 604 (with two facsimiles) [Egerton 2610 in the British Museum], together with Ten Appendices, containing (A.) The Collation of a Manuscript in his own possession. (B.) A Reprint, with corrections of Scrivener's list of differences between the editions of Stephen 1550 and Elzevir 1624, Beza 1565 and the Complutensian, together with fresh evidence gathered from an investigation of the support afforded to the various readings by the five editions of Esasmus, 1516, 1519, 1522, 1527, 1535, by the Aldine Bible 1518, by Colinceus 1534, by the other editions of Stephen of 1546, 1549, 1551, and by the remaining three Bezan editions in folio of 1582, 1588-89, 1598, and the 8° editions of 1565, 1567, 1580, 1590, 1604. (C.) A full and exact comparison of the Elzevir editions of 1624 and 1633, doubling the number of the real variants hitherto known, and exhibiting the support given in the one case and in the other by the subsequent editions of 1641, 1656, 1662, 1670, and 1678. (D.) Facsimile of Codex Paul 247 (Cath. Eps. 210), with correction of previous descriptions. (E.) Report of a visit to the Phillips MSS., with corrections of and supplement to previous information concerning them, and collations of parts of some of them. (F.) Report of a visit to the Public Library at Bâle, with facsimile of Erasmus' second MS. Evan. 2, and a collation of Codex Apoc. No. 15. (G.) Report of a visit to the Public Library at Geneva, with corrections of Cellerier's collation of Evan. 75, as supplied to Scholz. (H.) Report of a visit to the Library of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A., with information concerning the sacred Greek codices there. (I.) Some further information concerning Codex 1a, an Evangelistary at Andover, Mass., U. ». A. (J.) Note on 1 Tim. iii. 15. By Herman C. Hoskier. Pp. xxi, cxv., 140. MDCCCXC.

The University Press, Cambridge, England; C. J. Clay & Sons, London. Pitt Press Series. Les Précieuses Ridicules, par J. B. P. Molière. With Introduction and Notes by E. G. W. Braunholtz, M. A., Ph. D., University Lecturer in French. Abridged Edition. Edited for the Syndics of the University Press. Pp. xi, 84. 1890. Wilhelm Tell. Schauspiel von Friedrich Schiller. Edited (with Introduction, English Notes, Map, etc.) by Karl Breul, M. A., Ph. D., University Lecturer in German. Abridged Edition. Edited for the Syndics of the University Press. Pp. xxviii, 208. 1890. Les Plaideurs. Comédie par Jean Racine. With Introduction and Notes by E. G. W. Braunholtz, M. A., Ph. D., University Lecturer in French. Abridged Edition. Edited for the Syndics of the University Press. Pp. ix, 128. 1890.

T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh ; Scribner & Welford, New York. Clark's Foreign Theological Library. New Series. Vol. XLIII. Schürer's History of the Jewish People. Division I., Vol. II. Pp. viii, 407.

1890.