CADE-OIL, in the materia medica, a name given to an oil much in use in some parts of France and Germany. The physicians have called it oleum cadæ, or oleum de cada. This is supposed by some to be the pisselæum of the ancients, but improperly: it is made of the fruit of the oxycedrus, which is called by the people of those places cada. CA'DENCE, v. & n. Lat. cado, to fall; CA'DENCY, Fr. cadence; Ital. caC'DENT. Sdenza; Span. cadencia. To fall in sound; to any thing going down; de elining; to the gradual gentle fall in a measure of poetry or music. It is sometimes used for the general modulation of the voice.

And natheless hath set thy wit,
Althoughe in thý hed ful lite is,
To make bokes, songes and dites,
In rime or elles in cadence,
As thou best canst, in reverence
Of love and of his servauntes eke
That have his service sought.

Chaucer's House of Fame.
Let it stamp wrinkles in her brow of youth,
With cadent tears fret channels in her cheeks.

Id.

The words, the versification, and all the other ele

gancies of sound, as cadences, and turns of words upon the thought, perform exactly the same office both in dramatick and epick poetry. Dryden. He hath a confused remembrance of words since he left the university; he hath lost half their meaning, and puts them together with no regard, except to their cadence. Swift.

Accept this token, Carteret, of good-will, The voice of nature, undebased by skill, These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief, For thy loved sake, and for my own relief, If aught, alas thy absence may relieve, Now I am left, perhaps, through life to grieve. Philips. To Lord Carteret. It is very observable, that though the measure is the same in which the musical efforts of Fear, Anger, and Despair, are described, yet, by the variations of the cadence, the character and operation of each is strongly expressed.

"Commentary on Collins' Ode on the Passions. If we would keep up the attention of the reader or hearer, if we would preserve vivacity and strength in our composition, we must be very attentive to vary our measures. This regards the distribution of the members, as well as the cadence of the period.

Blair's Lectures. CADENCE, in reading, from cadere, Lat. to fall, is a falling of the voice below the key-note at the close of every period. In reading, whether prose, or verse, a certain tone is assumed which

is called the key-note; and in this tone the bulk of the words are sounded; but this note is generally lowered towards the close of every sentence.

CADENCE, OF REPOSE, in music, the termination of an harmonical phrase on a repose, or on a perfect chord. See Music.

CADENCE DU DIABLE, the devil's cadence, a shake of an extraordinary effect: it is made on the violin, by beating the little finger on a note held by the third finger, whilst the two first execute different notes upon the next string. Its invention is attributed to Tartini, who, as it is said, receiving a lesson from the devil in a dream, was taught to perform this cadence. CA'DET, Fr. cadet; Ital. caudata, coCA'DETSHIP. dato, cardeto, from Lat. canda, Fr. queue, retinue, suite, may have had the same origin with Lat. sequor and secundus. Its primary application is to a younger brother, or to the youngest. It is now used to designate a volunteer in the army without a commission; a follower. It is specially appropriated to young gentlemen sent out to India by the East India Company to seek their fortunes in the military profession.

Joseph was the youngest of the twelve, and David the eleventh son, and the cadet of Jesse.

Browne's Vulgar Errors. CADET is a word naturalised in our language from the French. At Paris the cadets had an equal patrimony with the rest, before the revolution. At Caux, in Normandy, the custom was to leave all to the eldest, except a small portion to the cadets. In Spain it is usual for one of the cadets in great families to take the mother's

name.

CADET, in military language, is a young gentleman who applies himself to the study of fortification, gunnery, &c. and who sometimes serves in the army, with or without pay, till a vacancy happens for his promotion. There is a company of gentlemen cadets maintained at Woolwich, at sciences necessary to form a complete officer. the king's expense, where they are taught all the Their number has lately been increased, and commissions are given to them when qualified. A cadet in the French service, did not receive any pay, but entered as a volunteer in a troop or company, for the specific purpose of becoming master of military tactics.

CADGE', v. ? Teut. kautser and kaupster, a CADGER, n. S dealer are cognate with chapman; but Teut. ketsher, is a carrier. Thus a cadger is a higgler, a huckster, and seller of goods. Archdeacon Nares observes:

A round frame of wood, on which the earlgers or sellers of hawks carried their birds for sale. See Bailey and cadger is also given, as meaning a huckster, from which the familiar term codger is mere likely to be formed, than from any foreign origin.

CADI, of CADEI, "P, or "78P, Arab. i, e. a judge; in the Turkish empire, is generally taken for the judge of a town; judges of provinces being distinguished by the appellation of moulas. There are numerous complaints of the avarice, iniquity, and extortion of the Turkish cadis; all justice is venal; the people bribe the cadis, the cadis bribe the moulas, and the moulas the cadi

eschers, and the cadileschers the mufti. Each cadi has his serjeants, who summon persons to answer complaints. If the party summoned fails to appear at the hour appointed, sentence is passed in favor of his adversary. It is usually vain to appeal from the sentences of the cadi, as the cause is never heard a-new, but judgment is passed on the case as stated by the cadi. But the cadis are often cashiered and punished for flagrant injustice, with the bastinado and mulcts; the law, however, does not allow them to be put to death. Constantinople has had cadis ever since 1390, when Bajazet I. obliged John Paleologus, emperor of the Greeks, to admit cadis to judge all controversies that occurred between the Greeks and the Turks settled there. In some countries of Africa the cadis are also judges of religious matters. Among the Moors, cadi is the denomination of their higher order of priests or doctors, answering to the rabbies among the Jews.

CADIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class decandria, and order monogynia: CAL. five-cleft; petals equal, inversely heart-shaped; legume polyspermous. Species one only; a native of Arabia Felix, with solitary, axillary, one or two-flowered peduncles, of a purple hue. CADILESCHER, or CADILESKER, a capital officer of justice among the Turks, answering to a chief justice among us. It is said that this authority was originally confined to the soldiery; but that at present it extends to the determination of all kinds of law-suits; only it is subject to appeals. There are but three cadileschers in all the grand seignior's territories, viz. Ist of Europe; 2d of Natolia; and 3d at Grand Cairo. This last is the most considerable. They have their seats in the divan next to the grand vizier.

CADIZ, a city and sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, supposed to have been founded by the Phoenicians; who settled a colony here, and gave it the name of Gadis, or Gadira. It was afterwards incorporated by the Roman empire, under the title of Municipium. It then fell into the hands of the Saracens, who held it till the middle of the thirteenth century, when it was recovered by the Spaniards. In 1596 it was taken and plundered by the English, under the earl of Essex; and the attempt was repeated by the duke of Ormond in 1702, but after landing his troops be found it impracticable to remain. During the dreadful earthquake which demolished Lisbon on the 1st of November, 1755, the sea rising in an extraordinary manner, overflowed the country about Cadiz to a great extent, and by its leaving behind it wrecks, which appeared to have belonged to a temple, a tradition that the ancient city of Cadiz was once swallowed by an earthquake, appeared to be confirmed. It is certain that the sea without the straits of Gibraltar has encroached upon the land. It is said, that in very calm weather, when the tide is low, the ruins of the old houses, and the remains of the temple of Hercules, may sometimes be discerned under the water. The view on entering the bay is exceedingly fine: on one extremity of the left point is the town of Rota, a little farther off appear the castle of Catalina and the neat city of Santa Maria; at a

greater distance, on the lap of a lofty hill, stands Medina; nearer the sea the town of Puerto Real and the arsenal of the Caraccas; and on the extremity of the right hand point the city of Cadiz. When this extensive bay is filled as it sometimes is with the vessels of different nations, displaying their respective colors amidst a forest of masts, the whiteness of the houses, their size and apparent cleanliness, the magnificence of the public edifices, and the neat and regular fortifications, form together a most striking assemblage of objects. Opposite Cadiz the land has little appearance of verdure; and, except the vineyards near Santa Maria and Rota, all is brown and barren.

The best houses have brick floors and stone or marble stairs; and, the windows generally looking into the patio or court, are private and retired; and under the house is a cistern, which, in the rainy season, is filled with water. But good water is very scarce here: they usually prefer drinking that which is brought in casks, by boats, from St. Mary's. To cool this water, and render it fit for drinking, they filter it though small jars of porous clay, which renders it very pleasant and refreshing. The richer inhabitants use water cooled with ice, which is brought daily in large quantities, from the mountains of Ronda, and in this climate is a great luxury. Every dwelling is a sort of separate fort, and capable of military defence. The streets of this city are remarkably well paved, which may in some measure arise from there being few or no wheel-carriages to destroy the pavement. Coaches are not in use, and most of the streets are too narrow to admit them. Carts for the conveyance of goods are also almost unknown. The Gallegos, or natives of Gallicia, a strong and industrious race of men, perform those laborious occupations for which, in other cities, horses and carts are employed. By the help of poles on their shoulders these men remove the heaviest articles with the utmost facility; and being frugal, as well as industrious, execute their tasks at a cheap rate. Every large town in Spain is filled with them: a man from any other part of Spain, following the occupation of a porter, is from custom called the Gallego, a name at present implying the occupation as well as the country. The entrances of the houses are the receptacles of every kind of filth; and, except in those belonging to the houses of the richer class, who keep a Gallego sitting at the door, you are almost suffocated by stench before you reach the apartments. This city, placed on a peninsula, at the termination of a long sandy isthmus, has no unoccupied ground, and can spare little for squares. The Plaza de St. Antonio is the only one and is very small; but being surrounded with magnificent houses, and contrasted with the streets, all of which with one exception are very narrow), it has a good effect, and is the principal resort of the inhabitants. To the ladies it is the mall; to the merchants the exchange; and to the officers, the parade. The Alameyda, or public walk, is very beautiful; always dry under foot, and furnished with good marble seats on both sides; being close to the sea, the trees do not thrive, and indeed afford very little shade: the cool sea

twenty-eight parishes, and is the seat of a captain, general, and other officers of marine. The population has fluctuated of late years from 60,000 to 20,000. It is forty-five miles north west of Gibraltar, and sixty south-west of Seville. CADIZADELITES, a sect of Mahommedans, very like the ancient Stoics. They shun feasts and diversions, and affect an extraordinary gravity in all their actions; they are continually talking of God, and some of them make a junble of Christianity and Mahommedanism.

CADMEAN LETTERS, the ancient Greek or Ionic characters, such as they were first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia; whence Herodotus also calls them Phoenician letters. Some say, that Cadmus was not the inventor, nor even the importer of the Greek letters, but only the modeller and reformer of the alphabet; and hence they acquired the appellation of Cadmean or Phoenician letters; whereas before that time they had been called Pelasgian.

CADMIA, in pharmacy, a name which has been variously applied; but it usually denotes a mineral substance, whereof there are two kinds, natural and artificial.

CADMIA ARTIFICIAL, CADMIA FORNACUM, OF CADMIA OF THE FURNACES, is a matter sublimed when ores containing zine, like those of Rammelsberg, are smelted. This cadmia consists of the flowers of the semi-metal sublimed during the fusion, and adhering to the inner surfaces of the walls of furnaces, where they suffer a semi-fusion, and therefore acquire more solidity. So great a quantity of these are collected, that they form very thick incrustations, which must be frequently taken off. The name has also been given to all the soots and metallic sublimates formed by smelting in the grate, although there is certainly a difference in these matters. Ancient chemists distinguished five kinds of cadmia fornacum, viz. C. botryitis, resembling a bunch of grapes, which is found in the middle of the furnace. C. calamitis, found hanging round the iron rods, with which the matter is stirred in the furnace, and generally in the form of quills; whence the name from calamus a quill. It is reckoned desiccative and detersive, and is used to cicatrize ulcers. C. capnitis, found at the mouth of the furnace. It is used by some in diseases of the eyes. C. ostracitis, found at the bottom of the furnace in the form of a sea shell. C. flacitis, found at the top of the furnace, in the form of a crust. It is also used by some in diseases of the eyes.

CADMIA, NATURAL, is of two sorts; the one containing arsenic, and called cadmia fossilis, or cobalt; the other containing zine, called calamine, or lapis calaminaris. See CALAMINE. Cadmia is also used by Pliny for copper ore, or the stone of which copper is made.

CADMITES, in natural history, a kind of gem, nearly resembling the ostracites; from which it only differs in that the latter is some times girt with blue spots.

CADMIUM, in mineralogy, a new metal first discovered at Hanover in 1817, by Mr. Stromeyer, in carbonate of zinc. He obtains it in the follow ing manner: Dissolve the substance which cont... cadmium in sulphuric acid, and pass through

the acidulous solution a current of sulphuretted hydrogen. Wash this precipitate, dissolve it in concentrated muriatic acid, and expel the excess of acid by evaporation. The residue is then to be dissolved in water, and precipitated by carbonate of ammonia, of which an excess must be added, to redissolve the zinc and the copper that may have been precipitated by the sulphuretted hydrogen. This carbonate of cadmium, being well washed, is heated, to drive off the carbonic acid, and the remaining oxide reduced by mixing it with lamp-black, and exposing it to a moderate red heat in a glass or earthen retort. Dr. Wollaston's process is preferred for its precision and the facility with which it yields the metal; we subjoin it from Dr. Ure. From the solution of the salt of zinc supposed to contain cadmium, precipitate all the other metallic impurities by iron; filter and immerse a cylinder of zinc into the clear solution. If cadmium be present it will be thrown down in the metallic state, and, when redissolved in muriatic acid, will exhibit its peculiar character on the application of the proper tests. Mr. W. Herapath states that he has obtained it in quantities from the soot collected in the zinc works at Bristol. The metal is obtained by dissolving this substance in muriatic acid, filtering, evaporating to dryness, redissolving and filtering, then precipitating by a plate of zinc. The cadmium thrown down is to be mixed with a little lamp-black or wax, put into a black or green glass tube, and placed in the red heat of a common fire, until the cadmium has sublimed into the cool part of the tube; then the residuum is to be shaken out, which is easily done without loss of cadmium. A little wax introduced into the tube, and a gentle heat applied, the metal melts, and by agitation forms a button.

The color of cadmium is a fine white, with a slight shade of bluish-gray, very similar to that of tin; which metal it also resembles in lustre and susceptibility of polish. Its texture is compact, and its fracture hackly. It crystallises in octohedrons, and presents when cooling the appearance of leaves of fern. It is flexible, and yields readily to the knife; but is harder and more tenacious than tin; and, like it, stains paper. It is ductile and malleable, but when long hammered it scales off in different places. Its specific gravity is 8'6040. It melts, and is volatilised under a red heat. Its vapor, which has no smell, may be condensed in drops, which, on congealing, present distinct traces of crystallisation. heated in the open air, it burns like tin, passing into a smoke, which falls and forms a very fixed oxide, of a brownish-yellow color. Nitric acid readily dissolves it cold; dilute sulphuric, muriatic, and even acetic acids, act feebly on it with the disengagement of hydrogen.

When

Cadmium forms a single oxide, in which 100 parts of the metal are combined with 14-352 of oxygen. The primé equivalent of cadmium deduced from this compound seems to be very nearly 7, and that of the oxide 8. This oxide varies in its appearance according to the circumstances, from a brownish-yellow to a dark brown, and even a blackish colour. With charcoal it is reduced with rapidity below a red heat. It gives a transparent colorless glass bead with borax.

The fixed alkalies do not dissolve the oxide of cadmium in a sensible degree; but liquid ammonia readily dissolves it. On evaporating the solution, the oxide falls in a dense gelatinous hydrate. With the acids it forms salts, which are almost all colorless, have a sharp metallic taste, and are generally soluble in water. Cadmium also unites easily with most of the metals, when heated with them out of contact of air. Most of its alloys are brittle and colorless.

CADMUS, in fabulous history, king of Thebes, the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and the brother of Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. He carried into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the Greek alphabet; and there built Thebes, in Boeotia. The poets say, that he left his native country in search of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away in the form of a bull; and that, enquiring of the Delphic oracle for a settlement, he was answered, that he should follow the direction of a cow, and build a city where she lay down. Having arrived among the Phocenses, he was met by a cow, who conducted him through Baotia to the place where Thebes was afterwards built: but as he was about to sacrifice his guide to Pallas, he sent two of his company to the fountain of Dirce for water. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phoenician's attendants. Cadmus tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against the other, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after, he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, and infirm with age. They entreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents, Some explain the dragon's fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of the Phoenician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phoenicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of sixteen letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the Christian era, and to have died sixty-one years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion's lyre, Cadmus built only a

small citadel, which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundation of a city which was finished by one of his successors.

CADOGAN (William Bromley), M.A. was the second son of the first earl Cadogan, and born in 1751. He was educated at Westminster school, whence he removed to Christ-Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. and entered into orders. In 1774 lord chancellor Bathurst gave him the vicarage of St. Giles, Reading; soon after which he was presented to the rectory of Chelsea. He was a most indefatigable parish minister and priest, and died much esteemed in 1797. He published some single sermons; and after his death his Discourses, Letters, and Memoirs were collected by Mr. Cecil. See Cecil's Life of Cadogan.

CADOGAN (William), M.D. was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1755; and the same year was made doctor of physic. He became a fellow of the college, before which he delivered two Harveian orations. Dr. Cadogan became famous for prescribing an abstemious regimen in the gout, in Dissertations on that disorder, 8vo. 1764. He also published a treatise on the Management of Children, and died in 1797, aged eighty-six.

CADORE, a town of the Venetian territory, in the district of the Cadorin, on the frontier of the Tyrol, near the Piave. It carries on a trafie in iron and the timber of the district, which is abundant in those productions. The Austrians were defeated here by the French in 1797. In 1806 Bonaparte created Cadore into a duchy, whose possessor had a revenue of 60,000 franks, or £2,500 sterling. It was bestowed, in 1809, on his minister Champagny. Titian was a native of this place. It is fifteen miles north of Belluno, forty-two north-east of Trent, and fifty-three west of Friuli, the district is said to contain 22,000 inhabitants.

CADSAND, a small town and insulated tract of Flanders, formed by the sea, the Wester Scheldt, and other rivers and canals. It belongs to the district or 'free land' of Sluys, consisting of drained marshes: it is very fruitful in corn, and the pasturage is excellent. High embankments, constructed at a vast expense, defend it generally from the sea, but hardly sufficient in north-west winds. The Dutch by means of possessing this island command the navigation of the Scheldt. It was taken by the French on the 29th July, 1794; and occupied for a while by our army in the unfortunate Walcheren expedition. The town is two miles north-west of Sluys.

CADUCEUS, in ancient mythology, Mercury's rod, a wand entwisted by two serpents, and furnished with wings, as in the annexed figure. It was given to him by Apollo, for his seven-stringed harp. The caduceus afforded him the power of bringing souls out of hell, and also to cast any one into sleep. In Roman antiquity it was used as a symbol of peace and concord. The Romans sent the Carthaginians a javelin and a caduceus, offering them their choice either of war or peace. Those who de