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Comish, N. H., The Standard of Living. By Helène Reynard

Dibblee, G. B., The Psychological Theory of Value. By D. H. Robertson
Fahlbeck, P. E., Die Klassen und die Gesellschaft. By Prof. E.
Schwiedland
Finer, H., Representative Government and a Parliament of Industry. By
Graham Wallas

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Fisher, Mrs. H. A. L., The Economic Position of the Married Woman.
By Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth
Flux, A. W., Economic Principles (Second Edition). By J. Lemberger
French, C. E., The Shop Committee in the United States. By. H. W.
Macrosty
Gide, Charles, Fourier, précurseur de la Coopération. By L. Smith-
Gordon
Hainisch, M., Die Landflucht. By Prof. E. Schwiedland
Hardy, C. O., Risk and Risk-bearing. By D. H. Robertson
Hastings, H. B., Costs and Profits: their Relation to Business Cycles.
By C. F. Bickerdike
Hearnshaw, F. C. J. Democracy and Labour. By L. L. Price
Herkner, H., Die Arbeiterfrage. By Prof. E. Schwiedland
Is Unemployment Inevitable? By N. B. Dearle
Jones, Eliot, The Trust Problem in the United States. By H. W.
Macrosty
Joseph, H. W. B., The Labour Theory of Value in Karl Marx. By
James Bonar
Kennedy, W. P. M., Edited by, Social and Economic Conditions in
Canada. By Prof. H. E. Egerton

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Keynes, J. M., Monetary Reform. By R. G. Hawtrey.
Kötzschke, R., Allgemeine Wirthschaftsgeschichte des Mittelalters. By
J. H. Clapham
Kuske, B., Die Bedeutung Europas für die Entwicklung der Weltwirt-
schaft. By Prof. E. Schwiedland

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Lavergne, B., Les coopératives de la consommation en France. By L.
Smith-Gordon
Lawrence, F. W. Pethick, The National Debt. By Prof. Edwin Cannan
Lescure, J., Des crises générales et périodiques de surproduction. By
J. I. Craig
Levy, H., Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika als Wirtschaftsmachet.
By Prof. J. H. Hollander

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Lord, J., Capital and Steam-power, 1750-1800. By T. S. Ashton
Lotz, W., Valutafrage und öffentliche Finanzen in Deutschland. By
T. E. Gregory

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Lowenfeld, H., The Birthright of Man. By J. Lemberger
Maclaren, W. A., Rubber, Tea and Cacao.
Marriott, J. A. R., Economics and Ethics.
Menger, Carl, Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre. By J. Bonar
Miles, T. B., Industrial Unrest: its Cause and a Suggested Cure. By
J. Lemberger

Moreland, W. H., From Akbar to Aurangzeb. By Sir Theodore Morison
Munro, A. E., Monetary Theory before Adam Smith. By Prof. W. R.
Scott

Nippold, O., The Development of International Law after the World War. By J. L. Brierly

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Pigou, A. C., Essays in Applied Economics. By Henry Higgs
Rist, C., La déflation en pratique. By J. I. Craig

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Robertson, D. H., The Ebb and Flow of Unemployment. By N. B. Dearle 444
Rowe, J. W. F., Wages in the Coal Industry. By H. S. Furniss
Salzmann, L. F., English Industries in the Middle Ages. By J. H.
Clapham
Schwiedland, E., Volkswirtschaftslehre. Vol. III. By M. Epstein
Sells, Dorothy, The British Trade Boards System. By R. Wilson
Shah, K. T., Trade, Tariffs, and Transport in India. By Sir. J. M.
Douie
Shepherd, E. C., The Fixing of Wages in Government Employment. By
Prof. H. Clay
Silberling, N. J., British Prices and Business Cycles, 1779-1850. By
J. H. Clapham

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Thurnwald, R., Die Gestaltung der Wirtschaftsentwicklung. By Prof.
E. Schwiedland

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Venn, J. A., Foundations of Agricultural Economics. By C. S. Orwin
Viallaté, A., L'Impérialisme économique (1870-1920). By F. E.
Lawley
Virgilii, F., Cooperazione, nella dottrina e nella legislazione. By L.
Smith-Gordon
Weber, M., Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre. By Prof.
E. Schwiedland

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Williams, G., Social Aspects of Industrial Problems. By Barbara
Wootton
Withers, H., Bankers and Credit. By J. I. Craig

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Wolf, J., Markkurs, Reparationen und russisches Geschäft. By T. E.
Gregory

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Back, W. J., The Attack upon the Organiser Class
Dumbell, Stanley, The Beginnings of the Liverpool Cotton Trade
Fussell, G. E., The Agricultural Population and the Rental of Land
Hamilton, Prof. C. J., The Protection of the Indian Steel Industry
Hawtrey, R. G., The Report of the Federal Reserve Board, 1923
Keynes, J. M., Bibliographical List of the Writings of Alfred Marshall
Lehfeldt, Prof. R. A., Currency and Bank Credit

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Leppington, C. H. d'E., The War's Influence upon Village Life
Macgregor, Prof. D. H., Sanctions for Discount Policy

Meredith, Prof. H. O., The Irish Fiscal Inquiry

Moreland, W. H., Economic Conditions in Mogul India

Robertson, D. H., Note on the Real Ratio of International Interchange
Soyeda, J., Japanese Affairs

Tocker, A. H., The Effects of the Trade Cycle in New Zealand

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Prof. A. Loria

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THE ECONOMIC JO

MARCH, 1924

THE POST-WAR WAGES PROBLEM 1

I

BEFORE the war the economic changes to which wages had to be adjusted were gradual. Rates of wages, therefore, had a high degree of stability, and the relations between wages in allied or neighbouring occupations were equally stable. Wages, it may fairly be said, constituted a system, since there were well-understood rates for most occupations; the relations between these were stable and generally accepted, and a change in any one rate would prompt demands for a change in other rates. It was this systematic character of wages that made wage changes so simple a problem compared with to-day's task. The abstract and unanswerable general problem, What is a fair wage? never came up; the problem was always the problem of a particular rate for a particular job. This was argued by reference to the normal relation between the rate for that job and other rates, and to relevant economic changes that might justify a departure from that normal relation. A change in the value of money might make necessary a whole series of changes in rates of money wages, in order to restore the previous relation between different trades, or between wages and profits; but the problem was limited to modifying an established system of rates, so as to keep it in harmony with the economic facts on which wages ultimately rest. This modification itself was done largely by collective bargaining, for the individual employer or wage-earner, not by him; the ordinary employer had to work to conditions of employment which were set for him. Hence the wage system lent some of its own stability to prices, which, even more than wages, have got out of step since the war.

The effect of the war was to dislocate this system and destroy 1 Paper read before Section F of the British Association at Liverpool, September, 1923.

No. 133.-VOL. XXXIV.

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