cester's orders, where, after some weeks, they were beheaded without any form of trial. The queen's family were not at all liked by the people, and no one seems to have cared much about their fate. Only the poor queen herself, when she heard they were prisoners, in an agony of terror went again into sanctuary at Westminster, taking with her her daughter and her little son Richard. And the boy Edward himself must surely have been struck with horror when he found himself sent to lodge within the gloomy walls of the Tower of London, and heard of the flight of his mother and the death of his uncle. Gloucester had also ordered the instant execution of Lord Hastings, and imprisoned Stanley and other noblemen. Richard thought long and deeply over his wicked plans, but when he carried them out he did it so quickly that people hardly knew what was happening; all was done so swiftly and so surely. Gloucester was determined to have both the princes in his power, and sent to demand that Elizabeth should give up her little son, the Duke of York, to his care. She refused and resisted as long as she could; but she saw that it was of no use, and that the child would be forced from her if she did not let him go; so she yielded at last with many bitter tears and a terrible fear at her heart. The boy was sent to join his elder brother in the Tower. RICHARD OBTAINS THE CROWN. Richard of Gloucester tried by every art to per suade the people that he ought to reign over them. A few citizens of London were prevailed upon to come with the Lord Mayor at their head to wait upon Richard and offer him the crown, as if it was entirely an idea of their own, and he knew nothing whatever about it. Richard pretended to be unwilling, but at last said that he would consent. There had been great preparations made for crowning Edward, and these now served for his uncle. Of the young princes in the Tower nothing more was heard; people began to ask many questions where they were, and why they were not seen. Presently it began to be whispered that they were dead. The people believed it was Richard's cruel work, and he was hated by all. There were rebellions and plots against him; his only son died; he knew himself to be hated; and he who was trusted by no one could now find no one to trust. His distant cousin, Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, landed in England with a few soldiers, and an army gathered round him. Richard had an army too, but no one cared to fight in his cause. The night before the battle he is said to have been disturbed with dreadful dreams and fears for the coming day. His fears came true, for in a battle at Bosworth he was defeated and killed. Richmond's army was the smaller, but Lord Stanley deserted Richard and went over to Richmond with all his men; King Richard himself fought desperately, till he fell covered with wounds, 1485. When the battle ceased, Lord Stanley took off the battered crown that Richard had worn in the battle, and placed it on the head of Henry Tudor, who was afterwards crowned king as Henry VII. Henry VII. was a clever and prudent king; he married Elizabeth, sister of the princes, and ruled for many years. Once in his reign, a man named Perkin Warbeck came forward and pretended that he was Richard, Duke of York, who was thought to have been murdered in the Tower. Henry then set to work to find out, if he could, who this man really was, and also what had actually become of the little princes. It was discovered who the pretender was; and some men were found who confessed that they had been employed in murdering the children. They said that Richard had first tried to persuade Brackenbury, governor of the Tower, to consent, but he would have nothing to do with it. Then Richard gave the command of the Tower to Sir James Tyrrel, by whom two ruffians were introduced at night, who smothered the little princes as they lay in bed. Tyrrel then had their bodies buried under the staircase. Such was the story; and it is very curious that nearly two hundred years later, some workmen employed in the Tower came by accident upon the skeletons of two children, of the age that the young princes would have been, and in the spot that had been described. These remains were taken up, and buried in Westminster Abbey. SUMMARY.-Edward IV. married Elizabeth, widow of Earl Grey. This gave great offence to his brothers, the Dukes of Clarence and York. The former even joined the rebellious Earl of Warwick, and for a time the king fled from the country. On his return, however, he sent Clarence to the Tower on a charge of treason, and he was executed privately in 1478. On the death of Edward IV. in 1483, the young heir Edward, aged twelve, and his brother Richard, were left under the care of their uncles, the Lords Rivers and Gloucester. The latter managed before long to secure both of them in the Tower. He also executed Lords Hastings and Stanley, and gained his object by being himself crowned king. But he was hated by all, and in the great battle of Bosworth was defeated, and deposed by Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, who was crowned on the battle-field. The remains of the young princes were discovered long afterwards in the Tower. NEW SOUTH WALES AND TASMANIA. sub-jec'-tion, the act of subduing | mu'-tin-ous, rising or rebelling against authority (Fr. mutin, riotous; L. motus, rising, insurrection. em'-i-grants, those who remove from their own country to another (L. emegrans, one who removes; e, from; migro, remove or wander). ex-em'-plary, serving for an-en-er-get'-ic, showing power, other; an example is that which is taken as a sample for the rest (L. exemplum, an example; ex from, and emo, take). lu'-cra-tive, bringing profit or gain (L. lucrum, lucre, gain). energy, activity (Gr. energeia, from; en, in, and ergon, work, active in work. mo-nop'-o-ly, the sole power of dealing in or selling anything (Gr. munos, alone; poleo, sell). In 1723, not very long after Dampier's visit to the distant country then known as New Holland, it was proposed by Colonel Purry that an English colony should be there planted; and the proposal was revived almost as soon as the result of Captain Cook's researches was announced. But England, then busy with the defence of Canada, and with her efforts to bring back the inhabitants of the United States to subjection, was not ready to take in hand the formation of a settlement in so remote a region. The American war, however, in the end, gave encouragement to the new enterprise. One use to which the now independent colonies had been put, was the sending thither a number of criminals, nearly two thousand in every year, for whom no room was to be found in the crowded jails at home; and when the old ways of transportation were cut off, new ways had to be discovered. Then Cook's discoveries were thought of. In 1784 an Act of Parliament was passed, empowering King George III. and his Council to appoint some place beyond the seas to which offenders might be conveyed; and in 1786 it was decided that they should be sent to the eastern coast of New Holland and the neighbouring islands. Thus the colonization of Australia was begun. With Captain Arthur Phillip, R.N., as commander of the expedition and governor of the projected settlement, a small fleet left England on the 13th of May 1787. On board were 565 male and 192 female prisoners, with 208 officers and soldiers, and 65 women and children. It entered Botany Bay in January 1788; but Captain Phillip, not deeming the harbour safe enough, sailed northward for a little distance, and thus reached Port Jackson, with Sydney Cove close to it. Here he halted with his party of convicts, and their guards and servants, on the 26th |