Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Том 14Colonial Press, 1899 |
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Загальні терміни та фрази
17 yards Adam Smith advantage agricultural amount assignats bank notes Bank of England banker benefit bills bills of exchange book credits bullion cause cheaper cheapness circulation circumstances coin commerce consumers corn cost of carriage cost of production dealers debt depend depreciated currency depreciation diminished economical effect employed equal equation of international equivalent exactly exchange value exist expense exports fall France Germany gold and silver imports improvement increase industry international demand international values issue issuers labor and capital land law of value less loan lower manufacturers means ment modities nature obtain paid payment permanent persons Poland population portion pounds sterling precious metals produce proportion purchasing power rate of interest rate of profit remuneration rent rise of prices sell speculation supply supposed supposition things tion trade transactions value of money wages wanted wealth whole yards of cloth yards of linen
Популярні уривки
Сторінка 11 - There cannot, in short, be intrinsically a more insignificant thing, in the economy of society, than money ; except in the character of a contrivance for sparing time and labour. It is a machine for doing quickly and commodiously, what would be done, though less quickly and commodiously, without it : and like many other kinds of machinery, it only exerts a distinct and independent influence of its own when it gets out of order.
Сторінка 269 - In the present stage of human progress, when ideas of equality are daily spreading more widely among the poorer classes, and can no longer be checked by anything short of the entire suppression of printed discussion and even of freedom of speech, it is not to be expected that the division of the human race into two hereditary classes, employers and employed, can be permanently maintained.
Сторінка 303 - The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person.
Сторінка 303 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 258 - I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on ; that the trampling, crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existing type of social life, are the most desirable lot of human kind, or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress.
Сторінка 303 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
Сторінка 259 - It is only in the backward countries of the world that increased production is still an important object: in those most advanced, what is economically needed is a better distribution, of which ' one indispensable means is a stricter restraint on population.
Сторінка 197 - Indies, in like manner, are the place where England finds it convenient to carry on the production of sugar, coffee, and a few other tropical commodities. All the capital employed is English capital ; almost all the industry is carried on for English uses ; there is little production of anything except the staple commodities, and these are sent to England, not to be exchanged for things exported to the colony and consumed by its inhabitants, but to be sold in England for the benefit of the proprietors...
Сторінка 80 - ... a glut of commodities or a dearth of money. But it is a great error to suppose, with Sismondi, that a commercial crisis is the effect of a general excess of production. It is simply the consequence of an excess of speculative purchases.
Сторінка 143 - ... under the influence of those same laws, distribute themselves in such proportions among the different countries of the world, as to allow the very same exchanges to go on, and at the same values, as would be the case under a system of barter. We lastly considered how the value of money itself is affected, by those alterations in the state of trade which arise from altera tions either in the demand and supply of commodities or in their cost of production.