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The progressive advantages derived by the Britons, from this intermixture of population with their polished invaders, are unquestionable, and truly splendid; although, as a nation, they were subject to some humiliation and to many penalties. We view, indeed, the progress of mind in every step of the conquering legious; and, whilst contemplating so attractive a picture, subjugation itself loses all deformity of aspect.

Inspirited by the lessons of Roman industry, the inhabitants even of deep inland districts now placed their neglected soil under the operation of the plough; and so successful were the efforts of agricultural labour, that Britain soon exported, annually, large quantities of corn, and assisted greatly in supplying with grain the Roman armies on the continent.

The manufacturing arts accompanied the cultivation of the British soil; and commerce received a new and powerful impulse. Fresh ports were opened; and the Briton, aroused from the slumber of sylvan inactivity, was instructed in the natural wealth and mercantile capacities of his country.

Induced, by precept and example, to prefer social interchange to sullen and ferocious seclusion, he quitted by slow degrees his gloomy embowered retreat, and entered on the joys and confidence of busy congregation. The city arose on the site of dark woodland huts; and the Briton was courted, even by his conquerors, to become its inmate.

The motive which suggested this persuasion towards urbanity, might be merely political and selfish; but its instruments of action were noble, for they consisted in a communication of such arts as dignify life, and render society desirable, by exhibiting its courtesies.

The Roman language, and its stores of literary treasure, were imparted to the rude natives of Britain with sedulous care; and thus, with an abruptuess almost unprecedented in the anuals of nations, a profound ignorance of letters received, at once, the illumination of the highest efforts of philosophy and correct taste. With the literature of Italy was introduced a relish for the elegant

indolence

indolence of the portico and the bath; a fondness for delicate attire; and a love of those social parties in which eloquence, classical learning, and the graces of personal deportment, obtained opportunities of exercise and distinction.

A transition so speedy resembles the change of scenery in histrionic exhibition. The Britons, indeed, by their quick adoption of the refined notions of their conquerors, would appear to have avoided the tedious process of many stages usual with the cultivation of the human mind; and to have passed, at once, from the gloom of barbarous life to a familiarity with that standard mass of lettered intelligence, which forms the proudest acquisition of the scholar at the present day.

These rapid improvements in art and science, were necessarily productive of a striking change in the general face of the country. Large tracts were cleared of their unprofitable burthen of thickly matted trees; and the increasing towns and villages were rendered easy of communication by lines of solid road, formed in attention to the principle of those great military highways, which, under the guidance of the Romans, intersected the island in various directions, and which will shortly meet with particular notice, as the most distinguished vestiges of this important era. It will be readily supposed that the domestic architecture introduced by the Romans communicated hints for improvement in the British style of building; whilst public edifices for legislative purposes now first adorned the cities of the Britons.

With the familiar customs of the Romans was adopted, by a great part of the conquered inhabitants of this island, their system of theology; and the vast circular temple, placed deeply in the mysterious sanctity of thick woods, was now abandoned for temples of hewn stone, situated in the midst of towns, and decorated with sculptured devices. This first remove from an extreme rudeness of divine worship, was quickly succeeded by the introduction of Christianity. The enlightening beams of this beneficent religion were communicated to Britain, according to the opinions of those who have most attentively considered the K 2 subject,

subject, before the close of the first century. Their diffusion, however, was gradual; and the poverty of the early Christians debarred them from adorning the country with edifices proportioned in splendour to their religious zeal. The chief, or, perhaps, the only tangible religious relics of this era, which have descended to the present day, are connected with the votive piety of heathen Rome.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN BRITAIN.*

ROMAN STATIONS, AND CAMPS OF VARIOUS KINDS.-Independant of a consideration of their roads, the most important vestiges

• The contents of the map which accompanies this section of our work, are briefly explained by a table of references. In that table it is shewn that each of the Roman roads mentioned in the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, together with numerous recent discoveries of roads not noticed either by Richard or Antonine, are laid down, and expressed by lines of a different character and colour. A reference is, also, afforded to such STATIONS as are mentioned by Richard; and to many stations, and camps, not noticed by that useful writer. The whole is the result of actual investigation, chiefly made by the Rev. Thomas Leman, to whom this work is indebted for a contribution of the original drawing, containing such discoveries as have been made since the appearance of Mr. Hatcher's edition of Richard of Ciren

cester.

It is confidently presumed that a satisfactory view is thus presented of such vestiges of Romanized Britain, as have been ascertained to exist, at the present day, by positive local examination.

In addition to the explanation contained in the table of reference, it is necessary to present an enumeration of the stations laid down in the map; and to attach to each its Roman name, according to the opinion of the antiquary by whom the design for the map is contributed.

I first enumerate the stations mentioned by Richard of Cirencester; and subsequently, present an enumeration of such stations and camps as are not mentioned by Richard;-prefixing to each the figure by which it is correspondently denoted in the body of the map. But it will be observed (as is explained in the table of reference) that the stations mentioned by Richard are marked, in the map, with Italic figure; whilst those not mentioned by Richard

vestiges of the Romans consist in the remains of their castrametations, which are seen in many parts of this island, and curiously

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Richard (and to which, in the following list, are prefixed Roman characters,) are designated, in the map, by Upright, or Print figures. The last mentioned list is classed in counties, ranged alphabetically, in attention to the plan adopted in describing counties in the Beauties of England and Wales.

Stations mentioned by Richard of Cirencester.

1 Rhutupis, Richborough

2 Durovernum, Canterbury

3 Durosevum, Ospring

4 Durobrivæ, Rochester
5 Londinium, London

6 Sulomagus, Brockley hill
7 Verulamium, Verulam
8 Forum Dianæ, Dunstable

9 Magiovinium, near Fenny Stratford

10 Lactorodum, Towcester
11 Isanta Varia, Burntwalls
12 Tripontium, near Lilburn
13 Benonis, High Cross
14 Manduessedum, Manceter
15 Etocetum, Wall

16 Pennocrucium, on the Peak

17 Uxaconium, Red hill, Okenyate

18 Uriconium, Wroxeter

19 Banchorium, Banchor

20 Deva, Chester

21 Varis, near Pont Ryffin

22 Conovium, Cuer Hún
23 Segontium, Caer Segont
24 Hereri Mons, Tommen Y Mur

25 Mediolanum, Clawdd Goch
26 Rutunium, Rowton

27 Durositum, near Rumford

28 Cæsaromagus, near Chelmsford 29 Canonium, near Kelvedon 30 Camulodunum, Colchester

31 Sturius Amnis, on the Stour

32 Cambretonium

33 Sitomagus

34 Venta Cenom, Castor near Nor

wich

35 Camboricum, Cambridge

36 Durolispons, Godmanchester 37 Durnomagus, Caster

38 Isinnis, Ancaster

39 Lindum, Lincoln

40 Argolicum, Littleborough

41 Danum, Doncaster
42 Legiolium, Castleford
43 Eburacum, York

44 Isurium, Aldborough
45 Cattaracton, Catterick
46 Ad Tisam, Pierce Bridge
47 Vinovium, Binchester

48 Epiacum, lanchester

49 Ad Murum, Halton Chester
50 Alauna Amnis, on the Coquet
51 Tueda Flumen, on the Tweed
52 Ad Vallum, The Wall
53 Curia

54 Ad fines, Chew Green
55 Bremenium, Riechester

56 Corstopitum, Corbridge

57 Vindomora, Ebchester

58 Derventio, near Stamford bridge 59 Delgovicia

60 Preturium, Flamborough head

61 Calcaria,

vary in strength, and care of construction, from the temporary earth-work thrown up in haste, and perhaps within sight of the

enemy,

61 Calcaria, Tadcaster

62 Cambodunum, Slack

63 Mancunium, Manchester

64 Fines Maximæ et Flaviæ, Stret

ford

63 Condate, Kinderton

66 Portus Sistuntiorum, Freckleton

67 Rerigonium, Ribchester

68 Alpes Peninos, Burrens

69 Alicana, Ilkley

70 Lataris, Bowes

71 Vataris, Brough

72 Brovonacis, Kirby Thur

73 Vorreda, Plumpton Wall 74 Luguballia, Carlisle

75 Trimontium, Birrenswork hill

76 Gadanica

77 Corium

78 Alauna, Kier

79 Lindum, Ardech

80 Vittoria, Dealgin Ross

81 Ad Hiernam, Strageth 82 Orrea, on the Tay above Perth 83 Ad Tavum, near Invergowrie 84 Ad Esicam, Brechin on South Esk

85 Ad Tinam, Fordun

86 Devana, Norman Dykes

87 Ad Itunam, Glentmailin on the Ithan

88 Ad Montem Grampium, near

Knock hill

89 Ad Selinam, on the Cullen, near

Deskford

90 Tuessis, on the Spey, near Bellie 91 Ptorotone, Burgh head

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107 Isca, Exeter

103 Ad Abonam, Bitton

109 Ad Sabrinam, Sea Mills

110 Statio Trajectus. Severn side

111 Venta Silurum, Caerwent 112 Isca Colonia, Caerleon 113 Tibia Amnis, on the Tauf 114 Bovium, Ewenny 115 Nidum, Neath 116 Leucarum, perhaps Lwghor 117 Ad Vigesimum, Castle Flemish 118 Ad Menapiam, St. David's 119 Verlucio, Highfield near Sandy lane

120 Cunetio, Folly furm, near Martborough

121 Spine, Spene

122 Calicba, Silchester 123 Bibracte

124 Bultrum, Usk

125 Gobannium,

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