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ever to do with his being a clergyman's son. Divide into two sentences, filling out each part; as, Goldsmith was the son of a poor clergyman in the village of Pallas, Ireland. In early childhood he had the small-pox, the scars of which he bore through life.

PRINCIPLE.-Do not crowd into the same sentence thoughts that have no relation to each other.

Exercise 48.- Correct the following:

1. His head was supported by a bundle of clothing, but all efforts to restore life were fruitless. 2. He was full of remorse, and the clang of his armor, as he climbed down the steep crags, could be heard for some distance. 3. He leaves a wife and seven sons, and his estate is estimated by the newspapers at five million dollars.

COMBINATION OF DETACHED ELEMENTS.

In the following exercise the pupil is required to combine the detached elements into one or more well arranged sentences. Apply carefully the Principles of Expression.

EXAMPLE.-Detached Elements.- A river ran at the foot of the hill. The river was deep-banked. The river was clear. The river was bounded on one side by a slip of meadow. The meadow was level. The meadow was rich. The river was bounded on the other side by a kind of cominon. The common was for the geese. Their white feathers lay scattered over the green surface. They lay there in the summer season.

Combined. At the foot of the hill ran a clear, deep-banked river, bounded on one side by a slip of rich, level meadow, and on the other by a kind of common for the village geese, whose white feathers during the summer season lay scattered over its green surface.- Irving.

Exercise 49.-This renowned kingdom was traversed by sierras. It was traversed in every direction. Sierras are chains of lofty mountains. They are naked mountains. They are rugged mountains. They render the kingdom almost impregnable. They lock up within their embrace, valleys. These valleys are of prodigal fertility. They are verdant. They are rich. The kingdom is washed on one side by the Mediterranean Sea. It is situated in the southern part of Spain.

Exercise 50.- He chose fifty horsemen. They were his bravest. He made a circuit. Did it secretly. Took post in a narrow glen. Glen opened into a defile. Defile lay between rocky heights. The Moors had to pass through the defile. (Principle II.)

Exercise 51.—The pavilion of the king stood on a rising ground. Pavilion was magnificent, ample. Banner of Castile and Arragon erected before it. Holy Standard of the cross erected before it. Ground commanded a view of the whole encampment.

Exercise 52.- Erasmus was born on the 28th of October, 1467, at Rotterdam. The same year Charles the Bold became Duke of Burgundy. Erasmus was born four years before the battle of Barnet was fought. Battle of Barnet established Edward the Fourth upon his throne. It was a great battle. At the same time William Caxton was at Westminster. He was setting up his printing press there.

Exercise 53.-The tea was poured into cups. Brilliant porcelain. The napkins fringed with gold. Tea presented to the ladies by slaves. Slaves were Turks. Presented on their knees. Ladies sat on cushions. On the ground.

Exercise 54.-The floor was covered with vast sums of gold. It rose on either side of her. In pyramids. I wondered at the amount. Inquired. There was virtue in her touch. The same virtue which the poets say a Lydian king possessed. Could convert what she pleased into that precious metal.

Exercise 55.- The goddess of Falsehood was of a gigantic stature. She advanced before the front of her army. Some paces. Light began to dawn upon her. It came from Truth. It was daz

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zling. Falsehood began insensibly to fade. She looked like a huge phantom. Not like a real substance. Goddess of Truth approached. Came still nearer. Falsehood fell away entirely. Vanished amid the brightness of her presence. At the rising of the sun constellations grow dim. Stars go out one after another. Whole hemisphere of stars is extinguished. So the goddess of Falsehood vanished. So her whole army vanished.

Exercise 56.-At last the coach stopped. The driver opened the door. He told us to get out. We did so. We found ourselves in front of a large tavern. Its bright and ruddy windows told of the blazing fires within. These fires soon made us forget the hardships of the long, cold ride. The welcome of the hostess soon made us forget the hardships of the long, cold ride. The bounteous supper that smoked upon the board soon made us forget the hardships of the long, cold ride. (Principle XV.)

Exercise 57.-The march of the Greeks was through an uncultivated country. The savage inhabitants of this country fared hardly. They had no other riches than a breed of lean sheep. The flesh of the sheep was rank and unsavory. This was by reason of their continually feeding upon sea-fish. (Principle XV.)

Exercise 58.- This great and good man died on the 17th of September, 1683. He left behind him the memory of many noble actions. He left a numerous family. Three of them were sons. George was the eldest. He was the heir to his father's virtues. He was also heir to his father's principal estates in Cumberland. It was there that most of his father's property was situated. He was shortly after elected member for the county. This county had for several generations returned this family to serve in Parliament. (Principle XV.)

Exercise 59.-A white chariot was now approaching. It was in an open space behind the constable. It was drawn by two white palfreys. Palfreys covered with white damask. Damask swept the ground. Above the chariot was borne a golden canopy. It made music with silver bells. In the chariot sat the observed of all observers. She was Queen of England. Queen at last. She was Fortune's plaything of the hour. The beautiful occasion of all this

glittering homage. She was borne along upon the waves of this sea of glory. She breathed the perfumed incense of greatness. She had risked her honor, her self-respect, to win this greatness. She had won. There she sat. Dressed in white robes. Her fair hair flowed loose over her shoulders. A light coronet encircled her temples. The coronet was of gold and diamonds. She seemed at that hour the most beautiful of all England's daughters. She seemed most favored. (Principle III.)

RULES FOR THE PARAGRAPH.

1. Combine into one paragraph all the sentences that pertain to one distinct topic.

2. If a paragraph is very long, covering a page or so, it may be divided.

3. A paragraph should not consist of a single sentence, unless the one sentence exhausts the discussion of the topic. Very short paragraphs do not look well.

4. It is not well to begin a paragraph with a long sen

tence.

5. The transitions from one paragraph to another should not be abrupt.

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6. Each new paragraph should begin on a new line, and about an inch to the right of the margin. On paper the width of foolscap, the margin should be about an inch in width; each paragraph would therefore begin two inches. or so from the edge of the paper. If the paper used is narrower than foolscap, both margin and indentation for paragraph should be proportionally less.

See how many of the remaining exercises should be divided into two or more paragraphs.

Exercise 60.-Negotiations were opened with the chieftains. They were called chieftains. They governed the neighboring tribes. Cupidity, jealousy, and pride were found among these savage rulers. Their cupidity was insatiable. Their jealousy watchful. Their pride punctilious. As much so as among the potentates whose disputes had seemed likely to make the Congress of Ryswick eternal. One prince hated the Spaniards. The reason was that a fine rifle had been taken away from him by the Governor of Porto Bello. It had been taken on the plea that such a rifle was too good for a red man. Another loved the Spaniards. The reason was that they had given him a stick tipped with silver. On the whole the newcomers succeeded in making friends of the aboriginal race. One monarch wore a cap of white reeds. It was adorned with an ostrich feather. It was lined with red silk. He wore it with pride. He was mighty. He was the Louis the Great of the isthmus. He seemed well inclined to the strangers. Received them hospitably in a palace. Palace built of canes. Covered with palmetto royal. He regaled them with calabashes of a sort of ale. The ale was brewed from Indian corn and potatoes.

Exercise 61.-The Roman Emperor marched over a sandy desert. It lies between Emesa and Palmyra. He was perpetually harassed by the Arabs. The Arabs were robbers. They were active and daring. He could not always defend his army. Especially his baggage. The Arabs came in flying troops. They watched the moment of surprise. They eluded the slow pursuit of the Roman legions. The siege of Palmyra was an object more difficult and important. Emperor pressed the attacks in person. With incessant vigor. Was himself wounded with a dart. The firmness of Zenobia was supported by hope. Zenobia was Queen of Palmyra. She thought that famine would compel the Romans to repass the desert. That the kings of the East would arm themselves in her defence. Particularly the Persian monarch. This was reasonable. The Persian monarch was her most natural ally. Perseverance of the Emperor Aurelian overcame every obstacle. He was aided by fortune. The Persian councils had become distracted. This distraction caused by the death of Sapor, the Persian general. Persians sent inconsiderable succors. Attempted to relieve Palmyra. Em

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