as

6. Begin with a capital names of Deity: as

The Almighty; the Infinite; the Most High; the Divine Savior. 7. Begin with a capital pronouns referring to Deity:

O Thou that hearest prayer.

NOTE.-If the reference is perfectly clear the capitals are sometimes omitted.

8. Begin with a capital names of the Bible, and its books: as

The Holy Scriptures; the Gospel of John

any

of

9. Begin with a capital names of streets, months, days of the week: as

They live on Washington Street; the month of August; it is Friday morning.

10. Begin with a capital names of religious sects, and political parties: as

The Protestants; the Republicans; the Tories.

11. Begin with a capital names of important historical events: as

The Reformation; the Declaration of Independence.

12. Begin with a capital the words North, South, East, West, when applied to parts of a country.

13. Begin with a capital the first word of a direct quotation: as

Cæsar cried, "Help me, Cassius, or I sink.”

14. The pronoun I and the interjection O are always capitals.

Exercise 1.-Correct the capitalization of the following examples, and give the reason for every change.

1. The Painter by his skill throws italian light on english walls. 2. Thank heaven, i'm here! 3. In that Mansion was free-hearted hospitality. 4. Is this consistent with christian Principle? 5. I will come monday or tuesday. 6. The duke of wellington is Dead.

7. he devoted himself to the Study of the holy scriptures. 8. Every american boy is a possible president of the united States. 9. The Guests were entertained by Mayor rice at his Residence, no. 34 union place. 10. in point of real force and originality of Genius, neither the age of pericles, nor the age of augustus, nor the times of Leo X., can come at all into comparison with that of elizabeth. 11. china, india, Palestine, egypt, greece, and rome, are successively lighted up by the Majestic orb of Day. 12. He was the Author of a tract on the french revolution. 13. A Certain brahmin vowed to sacrifice a Sheep. 14. The prince of wales will succeed queen Victoria upon the Throne of England. 15. He is also called the eternal, the invisible, the infinite, the being of Beings. 16. new york City is on Manhattan island. 17. The City of new York is on the Island of manhattan. 18. During the roman occupation of england, the latin language had gradually come into use. 19. Wednesday is so called from Woden, our forefather's God of War; Thursday, from thor, the God of Thunder; friday, from Frea, the Goddess of Peace. 20. Do you speak french or german? 21. Have you studied greek and latin? 22. The whig Ministers were compelled to yield their Places to the tories.

23. o wedding-guest! this soul hath been

alone on a wide, wide sea!

so lonely 'twas, that god himself
scarce seemed there to be.

PUNCTUATION OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

To enable the eye to apprehend more readily the sense of a passage, certain marks are used called Punctuation Marks.

Though the first exercises in punctuation are restricted to the simple sentence, it is evident that the directions. will apply equally well to the clauses of complex and compound sentences.

THE PERIOD.

Rule 1.-A sentence not interrogative or exclamatory must be followed by a period.

Rule 2.-Abbreviations, Roman numerals, headings, and signatures, must be followed by a period: as

Rev. James Baldwin; Mrs. W. S. Jones; Henry VIII.

Exercise 2-In the following examples make whatever abbreviations would be proper, and punctuate according to the rules.

1. This work is edited by John George Morris, Doctor of Divinity. 2. The Reverend Henry Charles Potter was consecrated Assistant Bishop of New York. 3. Mister Henry Irving, the English actor, arrived in this country on Sunday morning. 4. The following resolutions were offered by Doctor Flint. 5. Colonel Howard is the guest of the Honorable James Frank Rodgers. 6. The cornerstone of the church which is to be erected over the spot where the Emperor Alexander II was killed, was laid on Thursday in Saint Petersburg. 7. The President of the United States lives at Washington in the District of Columbia. 8. Gentlemen Stewart, Clinton, and Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 9. President Brown, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Laws. 10. Charles Hubbard, Master of Arts. 11. The death of Professor Chapin occurred in September, 1883.

THE APOSTROPHE.

Rule 3.-All nouns in the singular, and all plurals not ending in s, form their possessives by the addition of the apostrophe and s: as

The boy's hat; the men's books; the horse's mane.

Plurals ending in s add the apostrophe only: as-
The boys' hats; the ladies' books; the horses' manes.

Rule 4.-The apostrophe is used to denote the elision of a letter or syllable: as

I've found it; he'll come to-morrow.

THE COMMA.

Rule 5.-Nouns in apposition are with their modifiers to be set off by commas: as—

1. Lear, king of Britain, had three daughters. 2. Mr. Matthew Arnold, the eminent English poet and critic, arrived in New York last month.

NOTE.-If one of the terms is a general title, the comma is omitted; as, Queen Victoria. The apostle John.

Rule 6.-Nouns independent by address must be set off by commas: as

1. My son, give me thy heart. 2. O velvet bee, you're a dusty fellow!

Rule 7.-A noun used absolutely with a participle must be set off by commas: as

His father being dead, the prince ascended the throne.

NOTE. The participle in this phrase can always be converted into a verb having the noun for its subject; as, When his father died, the prince ascended the throne.

Exercise 3.-Give reasons for the marks used in the following sentences.

1. Diogenes, the Greek philosopher, lived in a tub. 2. Acquire, my daughters, the habit of doing everything well. 3. O, are you come, Iago? 4. The rain having ceased, the sun broke forth again. 5. The butterfly, child of the summer, flutters in the sun. 6. The king's crown was the prize.

Exercise 4.-Punctuate the following examples, and give reasons.

1. Thou Lord art the light and life of all this glorious world, 2. Tis excellent to have a giants strength. 3. That spirit being dismissed a a third arose in the form of a child crowned. 4. Brabantio a rich senator of Venice had a fair daughter the gentle Desdemona, 5. Night has been styled the astronomers day. 6. My story being done she gave me for my pains a world of sighs. 7. Fairest Cordelia, thou art most rich being poor. 8. You are the queen your husband's brother's wife. 9. O sleepless God forever keep both living and dead. 10. The Queen was accompanied by her son Edward Prince of Wales. 11. James Russell Lowell, the United' States Minister to Great Britain, is one of the greatest of American poets.

Exercise 5.-Fill out the blanks with a noun in the possessive. Make simple sentences.

Exercise 6.-Fill out the blanks with a noun in apposition, in the vocative case, or combined with a participle. Make simple sentences.

3.

1. Nero ——————— was a great tyrant. 2. Messengers came to

we resumed our journey. 4. Come

book. 5. The dwelling was that of began its march. 7. Accept

6.

to see my

the army

this gift. 8. Her father is

the prisoner was released. 11. her sister

died in obscurity. 12.

returned.

Rule 8.-Two words or short phrases in the same construction are separated from each other by the comma, unless connected by a conjunction: as

1. Slowly, sadly we laid him down. 2. Slowly and sadly we laid him down.