Rule 9.-Contrasted words or phrases are separated from each other by the comma: as 1. Truth is not a stagnant pool, but a fountain. 2. It is not John, but William. Rule 10.-If one of two words or phrases has a modifier that does not belong also to the other, the words or phrases should be separated from each other by the He is to have the house, and wood for fuel. Rule 11.—If more than two words or short phrases are used in the same construction they must be separated by commas: as— 1. Industry, honesty, and temperance are essential to happiness. 2. Industry, honesty, temperance are essential to happiness. NOTE.-When all the words are connected by conjunctions the commas may be omitted; as, Industry and honesty and temperance are essential to hap piness. Rule 12.-Words in pairs take a comma after each pair: as Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and heart to this vote. Exercise 7.-Explain the punctuation. 1. Truth and virtue are the wealth of all men. 2. Truth, virtue are the wealth of all men. 3. Lend, lend your wings. 4. For all was blank, bleak, and gray. 5. For all was blank and bleak and gray. 6. Though deep, yet clear. 7. But not to me returns day, or the sweet approach of even or morn, or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose, or flocks, or herds, or human face divine. Exercise 8.-Punctuate, and give reasons. 1. Punish guide instruct the boy. 2. Pay supreme and undivided homage to goodness and truth. 3 The rich ate and drank freely. 4. The college is a large light sandstone structure with red sandstone trimming. 5. Rash fruitless war is only splendid murder. 6. Earth and sky land and water mountain and valley bear traces of divine workmanship. 7. He could write and cipher too. 8. The babbling brook the azure sky the tangled fen of fern and flower. 9. A very round face and a very flat nose. 10. The long warm lightsome summer day. 11. They flew to the better country the upper day. 12. Holly mistletoe red berries ivy turkeys all vanished instantly. 13. His teeth they chatter chatter chatter. 14. Bottles and boxes and hammers and rocks. 15. His eyes had a fixed idiotic preposterous stare. 16. Dark dark was the garden. 17. You bells in the steeple ring ring out your changes. 18. He was thinking of an animal a live animal rather a disagreeable animal. 19. Free was its genial face its sparkling eye its open hand its cheery voice its unconstrained demeanor and its joyful air. 20. It is great to live to labor to suffer for great public ends. Rule 13.-Participial and adjective phrases not restrictive must be set off by commas: as 1. The horizon was of a fine golden tint, changing gradually into a pure apple green. 2. Brom Bones, sorely smitten with love and jealousy, sat brooding by himself in one corner. NOTE. To decide whether the phrase is restrictive or not, expand it to a clause and decide as under Rule 16 Rule 14.-Inverted phrases, and phrases standing parenthetically between the main parts of the sentence, are generally set off by commas: as— 1. To the wise and good, old age presents a scene of tranquil enjoyment. 2. Truth, like gold, shines brighter by collision. Rule 15.—Adverbs and short phrases when used nearly quite independently are set off by commas: as 1. It is, then, a mark of wisdom to live virtuously. 2. Punctuality is, no doubt, a quality of high importance. Exercise 9.-Explain the punctuation. 1. Roland's death, too, is supernatural. 2. The stranger, however, quickened his horse to an equal pace. 3. I threw open the shutters, admitting a flood of brilliant moonlight. 4. The poor man's son inherits a patience learned by being poor. 5. In short, Master Edward bade fair to be a literary wonder. 6. My proposition is, therefore, true. 7. Others, perhaps encumbered with too much baggage, preferred descending the stream. Exercise 10. Punctuate, and give reasons. 1. The English desperately assailed did not yield an inch. 2. X'Twas but the car rattling o'er the stony street. 3. Beyond are mountains piled on mountains. 4 On the contrary, he is unable to come. 5. Its feet observable beneath the ample folds of the garment were bare. There were piles of filberts mossy and brown recalling in their fragrance ancient walks among the woods.. Generally speaking his conduct is honorable. 8. Mrs. Cratchit welcomed her warmly kissing her a dozen times and taking off her shawl and bonnet with officious zeal. 9. Now and then too the 1 "J long-drawn crowing of a cock accidentally awakened would sound far, far off from some farm house away among the hills. 10. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic,large enough to form trunks for ordinary trees twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air. 11. A few rough logs laid side by side served for a bridge over this stream. 12. Away, then they dashed through thick and thin stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound. 13. The school-house, being deserted, soon fell to decay. 14. At his easel eager-eyed a painter stands. Exercise 11.-Fill out the blanks with a participial phrase. Make simple 1. The architect ntences. built the colonel a magnificent palace. 2. He had a low forehead, and small sharp eyes venerable man 3. The took his friend warmly by the hand. 4 By the roadside two little beggar children lifted up their doleful voices of returning to his native valley. 6. The years had hurried onward —. 7. The departing sunshine fell upon them 8. The orator began to speak PUNCTUATION OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. THE COMMA. Rule 16. The Noun clause seldom needs to be set off except when long, or when resembling in form a quotation: 1. That you have wronged me doth appear in this. 2. Keats says, that truth is beauty and beauty truth. Exercise 12.-Punctuate, and give reasons; describe the use of each noun clause. 1. They eagerly inquired what bird it was. 2. It is an old saying that open admonition is open disgráce. 3. That the earth is round is now well known. 4. How he came by it I cannot imagine. 5. Who was the author of Junius's letters is still a mystery. 6. "Tis good, you know not that you are his heirs. 7. Whatever is is right. Exercise 13.-Form complex sentences by the addition of noun clauses; describe the use of each clause. Rule 17.- The Adjective clause, when additional or parenthetical, must be set off by commas: as I thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse. The Adjective clause, when restrictive, is too closely connected to admit of the comma: as He that leans on his own strength leans on a broken reed. Sometimes a clause may be punctuated as either additional or restrictive, but with a different meaning for each case. If the clause is additional (that is, if it merely adds a thought without limiting the meaning of the antecedent), it may, without change of sense, be converted into an independent clause, a co-ordinate conjunction and a personal pronoun being put in the place of the relative: asI thrice presented him a kingly crown, and he did thrice refuse it. Who relates to persons, which to things, that to either persons or things. In restrictive clauses, that is generally to be preferred, if euphony allows. NOTE.-That is used in preference to who or which especially after the superlative degree, after who, same, every, no, all, any, each, every, and frequently after the personal pronouns.-KERL'S GRAMMAR. Exercise 14.-Explain the punctuation. 1. Thou art the ruins of the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times. 2. Age, that lessens the enjoyments of life, increases the desire of living. 3. The man that had the line in his hand went forth eastward. 4. I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart. Exercise 15.-Punctuate, and give reasons. 1. His entrance was unheard by the officer who sat gazing at the fire. 2. Curses always recoil on the head of him who imprecates them. 3. We naturally look with strong emotion to the spot where the ashes of those whom we love repose. 4. Woe to the hands that shed this costly blood. 5. He pointed silently to the fire toward which the figure advanced. 6. There are men living who could say that my life was nothing to me compared to my love for you. 7. I did send to you for certain sums of gold which you denied me. 8. Selfrespect is the noblest garment with which a man may clothe himself. 9. Ichabod who had no relish for this strange midnight companion now quickened his steed. 10. The rich accepted gout and apoplexy as things that ran mysteriously in respectable families. Exercise 16.-Fill out the blanks with adjective clauses; justify your punctuation. had su 1. They could find only one apartment. 2. 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