Bei der Zusammensetzung dienen die Hülfsverben to be und to have, das letztere überwiegend, schon im Ags. (Gri. IV. 152); das erste, meist nur bei Verben der Bewegung, hat Gri. IV. 155 mit Recht auf romanischen Einfluss zurückgeführt (so auch Br. 370, der diese Verbindung mit wenigen Ausnahmen für den jetzigen Sprachgebrauch tadelt. Die gewöhnlichsten Fälle von be (cf. Gri. IV. 160), die, zum Theil veraltet, neben sich to have haben, sobald die Handlung in ihrem Verlaufe, nicht der in Folge derselben eingetretene Zustand bezeichnet wird, sind:

men are far advanced in improvement (Rob. 1. 2).

my father is not alter'd (Col. Piccol. 1. 8. B. J. 346). the number was now amounted (Swift).

your favour is well appear'd by your tongue (Coriol. 4. 3).

the noble Brutus is ascended (Caesar 3. 2. cf. John 20. 17). the quene without was arivid (Ch. Dr. 269 cf. Otw. Atheist 18. Rob. I. 15). mi love is now awake (S. Epithalam).

the scene was now become in the utmost degree animated (Q. D, 486) cf. Jr. Sketch. 124. Swift 174. Blair, Murray, getadelt von Br. — what has become of national liberty (Hume); he was born that which we have but become (Col. Piccol. 2. 7). what late misfortune is befallen King Edward (Henry VI.3). on odious mischiefe this day be tid is to min ordre (Ch. 7773). the day is now bowed down (Wi.).

her dotage is now broke forth into a madness (B. J. 744).

all these reasons are now ceased (Butler; B. Fl. 128. Tillotson Serm. 2. 52).

how every thing is chanc'd (Caesar 5. 4).

chaungid is the mone (Ch. Q. D. 314), times are changed (Le.). by what ladder he is clombin so (Ch. R. 6936. cf. 14712. 4432). to England ben they come (Ch. 5550. Wa. I. 195. B. Fl. 2.391); Mi. S. A. how well are come upon him his deserts? Ch. R. 7610: how he hath both comin and gone; Col. Piccol. 1. 1 ye have come too late, but ye are come.

as thou right now were crope out of the ground (Ch. 11918). if anything be crept into these poems (Dr.).

men are decay'd and studies (B. J. 742).

I am declin'd into the vale of years (Lear 3. 3).
of kings blood is she descended (Ch. 14258).
the authority was visibly diminish'd (Mac. 8. 16).
till the crowd is entirely dispers'd (Bu.).

Sachs, wiss, engl. Gramm. II.

can't you be done with it (Macn. 329), I am done with the story (id. 330).

these suns then are eclipsed for us (Col. Piccol. 1).

she was encresed in swich excellence (Ch. 8284. Spec. 260). thus ended is this mighty ert of Pise (Ch. 14766).

by the windows they ben enterd (Ch. Melib.); he is enter'd his radiant roof (Cymbel. 5. 4, B. Fl. 1. 115. Bible. A. Freeholder 31). whan he escaped was (Ch. 14653, 5571 mit Object, S. 5. 2. 25, Ps. 124. 7, B. Fl. 2. 396).

the next century was half expired (Bu. Hud. 3. 2. 1631), the date is expir'd (Mar.).

all thy companions are faded and gone (Moore).

home unto hire husband is she fare (Ch. 11850), 8772; Wa.I. 193). for though that seat of earthly bliss be fail'd (Mi. P. R. IV. Ch. VI. 167: if it wer so fall I had a child (Cleop. 10. Mi. S. A.); to what art thou fallen (Bu.); bei Hogg Queens Wake 30 dicht zusammen Matilda is fallen und has ..; ye han fallen in freeltee (Ch. 12012). in whom the gladde fortune is befall (Ch.); what course has befallen us (Bu.).

all Christen folk ben fled (Ch. 4961. Hud. 3. 200); thought my voice be fled (Hemans); mit have (Hud. 3. 575).

though Roman faith be flown (Southey. B. Fl. 2. 290. By. I. 247). the mone was into Cancer gliden (Ch. 9761).

carmen are got into the yellow starch (B. J. 344. Wa. III. 190): he was got beyond the reach of his faculties (Butler); he was by this time got in (V. o. W.).

Griseldis to fetchen water at a well is went (Ch. 8152); all is
gone when he was gone (V. o. W.); hou hit is y went (Kent.
Dial. 1340). I have seen and gone through many londs (Mandev.)
I am grown lustier (B. Fl. 2. 391, I. 628. Q. D. 315, Otw.
Atheist 19, Carlos 23 be, Carlos 22 have. it forgrowin was (Ch.).
I was happid thus (Ch. Flower 16), when it is happen'd (B. J.
Catiline).

now is he improved (B. Fl. 1. 541. Rob. I. 2).

Cleomenes and Dion are both landed (Sh. W. T. 2. 3).

folk that livit are (Barbour).

the pore men ben lopen to Londen (Wa. 2. 64).

whan they be mette cf. Ch. 5535. S. III. 1. 6, Mi. Comus: this

night are met many a friend; Q. D. 476, Bu. Rienzi 112.

to turnin folke that ben miswent (Ch. R. 7187).

Charlatans can do no good until they're mounted in a crowd Hud. 3. 2. 971).

pleasures which he is past (Guardian, Ch. VI. 156. Wa. 3. 43). with cold and fever am almost perished (B. Fl. 2. 290). her husband is recover'd (B. Fl. 1. 484).

repair'd is this Achates again (Ch. Dido 213).

I was no sooner retired (Tatl. 157. Mi. S. A.

when Melibeus returned was (Ch., M. Ado I. 1, Mi. P. R. 2. 140); then my son Max too has return'd (Col. Piccol. I. 2).

the prince is ridden (Gr.), Brutus and Cassius are rid like madmen through the gates (J. Caesar 3. 3).

when he was risen from death (Ch.); he is not here, but he is risan (Wi. cf. Ps. 27. 12); the demand for cords and the price were much risen (Tatl. 116). long or the bright sonne uprisin was (Ch.).

Jason is romid forthe to the cite (Ch. Medea 222).

no likerous lust was in hire herte gronne (Ch. 8090. S. 5. 1. Caesar 5. 3. Otw. Carlos 25. Tatl. 146).

whan that he is set (Ch. 12760. 5538. Wa. I. 196. Mi. Allegro. B. Fl. 1. 589).

I think she be sunk (B. Fl. 1. 637), Mi. Lycidas: sunk though he be beneath the watery floor.

Miss Clary was shot up into a woman (Guard. 85).

til I be sped by thine election (Ch.), Mi. Lyc.: they are sped. the grass was newly sprong (Ch. VI. 206. Dido 131).

Malcolm and Donalbain are stol'n away and fled (Macb. 2. 4). I'am in blood stept in so far (Macb. 3. 5).

four of the afternoon is struck (C.).

grease that's sweaten from the murderer's gibbet (Macb. 4. 1). till we are travell'd (B. Fl. 1, 542), wenn dies nicht deponential. it was but just turned of twelve (H. Clinker); a Franchman's turn'd a different man (Yorkshire).

whither are they vanish'd (Macb. 1. 3; B. Fl. I. 589); all trace of whom has long since vanished (T. Brown 119) By. I. 233. cf. twentie timis iswounid hath she (Ch.).

voidid werin thei that voidin ought (Ch. Troil.).

his felaw was ywalked into toun (Ch. 7630).

they all are wandred much (S. 5. 1).

when she woxen is a wif (Ch. 12005. Wa. 3. 116). thre yere wer ywerid (Ch. VI. 163).

how scornfully he is withdrawn (Otw. Carl. 2.1. By. D. J.5.102). as he were wode (Ch. R. 6266. cf. 15935).

Der Infinitiv perfecti hat im E. eine weitere Anwendung als im Deutschen, die zwar zum Theil von manchen Grammatikern, besonders Murray, getadelt wird, aber ganz gewöhnlich vorkommt (s. Gri. IV. 172. Archiv XIV. 429. XV. 182. XVII. 428).

1) nothwendig ist sie statt des von einem der defectiven Hülfsverben abhängigen Inf. praes., da diese kein Perfect. haben: I could have directed some things better (V. o. W. 19), adequate to what we might have expected (Rob. I. 26), she must have certainly perished (V. o. W. 3). Falsch steht dafür beim Volke I had not ought to treat a lady that way (Slick.).

2) folgt er nach I would und I was to ...: I would have asked who wanted me (C. Bell.), lest she say again I would have killd you (B. Fl. 2. 396), full excused ye wolde haven me (Wa. 1. 150), I had rather have tarried (B. J. 356), him had ben better to have goon more asware (Ch. VI. 144), if I had heard that I was to have met Henry (Fullerton); this is very near the time I was to have gone (Sher. School. 4. 1, Spec.) cf. he was in haste to be gone (V. o. W. 18); equal to what his was to have been (T. Jones), she eyes thee fix'd, about to have spoke (Mi. S. A); a semely man our hoste was for to han ben a marshal (Ch. 753).

3) nach Verben der Absicht, des Hoffens, der Erwartung im Praeteritum: me she meant unto her prison to have brought (S. 3. 7.51); they supposed that they should have received more (Matth. 20. 10); where we hoped to have seen the great man (A.), neben in hopes that he might have caught her (F. Spec. 449); I thought to have met Antiochus (Otw. Titus 1. 2); here thought they to have done some wanton charm (Sh.); I thought to have given over my prosecution (Tatl. 118); the form of paying is proposed to be gone through (D. Sketch. 57), daneben thy purpose was to have slaughter'd this whole order (B. J.), it was his purpose to have rendered the experiment as complete as possible (Ivanhoe); I intended to have kept my word (Le.). Besonders auch von einer Handlung, deren Eintreten im Moment, in den uns die Erzählung versetzt, bevorstand, aber nicht Statt gefunden hat: at the point to have given his account (R.); big enough t'have sent him to another world (Hudib. I. 3. 495); like to have fallen into a gutter (Spec. 317); the encouragement could not fail to have infused more ele

gant tastes (d'Israeli); aber auch where they meant to take some refreshment (Mac. 827. L. L. 5. 2).

4) pleonastisch nach einem Perf. oder Pluperfect mit oft ganz unnützer Häufung: I had thought you had had more judgment to have made election (B. J. 3); I have had the happiness to ha' been in your company (Gamester 35); I would not ha' believed it unless 1 had ha' happened to ha' been here (Pickw. I. 381).

cf. Shall and will, by Edm. Head. London 1856, 35 Regeln; Archiv XVII. 228 von Haupt; La. 2. 405 fgd.

Seine Umschreibung durch have und be s. pag. 3.

Die von Gri. IV. 182 aufgestellte, aber in der Note für das E. zurückgenommene Regel,,wollen sagt vorzüglich der 1. Person zu, sollen der 2., werden der 3." passt für den englischen Sprachgebrauch gar nicht.

Südenglisch, aber nicht schottisch gilt nach La. shall in der 1., will in 2. und 3. Person: shall simply states that a thing which has not yet happened, will happen hereafter (foretelling future nach Walker); the forces that are to bring it about being indefinite will states not only that a thing which has not yet happened will happen hereafter, but also implies a certain amount of definitude in respect to the forces which will effect it. Shall is predictive, will is promissive in the first person only; whereas, in the second and third, will is predictive, and shall promissive cf. Wallis 101: In primis personis shall simpliciter praedicentis est, will quasi promittentis aut minantis; in secundis et tertiis p., shall promittentis est aut minantis, will simpliciter praedicentis. Hare (bei La.) erklärt: when speaking in the first person, we speak suby; when speaking to or of another, we speak courteously; der alte Gebrauch von shall in allen Personen, wie der schottische von will in der 1., `verrathen weniger Höflichkeit. Etwas modifizirt ist dies in de Morgan's Ansicht (id. 411); Phil. Chasles (Journal des Débats 14. Febr. 1860: la personalité, l'individualité anglaise dominent et éclatent dans cet emploi double du futur. L'anglais ne considère l'avenir que de son propre intérêt, du fond de sa personnalité, non dans l'abstrait (?)

missive'

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