Regio imperio duo sunto, que consules appellantor, militiue summum jus habento, nemini parento, illis salus populi suprema lex esto, Cic. de Leg. iii. 3.

Causam igitur investigato in re nova atque admirabili, si poteris. Si nullam reperies, illud tamen exploratum habeto, nihil fieri potuisse sine causa, eumque terrorem, quem tibi rei novitas attulerit, naturae ratione depellito, Cic. de Divin. ii. 28. Non satis est pulchra esse poemata, dulcia sunto, Et quocunque volent, animum auditoris agunto.

Horat. de Art. Poet. 99.

Ignoscito saepe alteri, nunquam tibi, Syrus, Sent. 143.

[§ 585.] 3. With the imperative the English "not" must be rendered by ne and "nor" by neve, but not by non or neque. The imperative with ne however is peculiar only to the early language, and at all times in legal phraseology.

Hominem mortuum (inquit lex in duodecim tabulis) in urbe ne sepelito neve urito, Cic. de Leg. ii. 23.

Note. Non and neque with the imperative are rare.

Ovid. Met. iii. 117. :

ne cape-nec te civilibus insere bellis; viii. 433.: Pone, age, nec titulos intercipe femina nostros; de Art. Am. iii. 129. Vos quoque non caris aures onerate lapillis, nec prodite graves insuto vestibus auro. But when the subjunctive is used for the imperative, non and especially neque are found more frequently. See § 529.

The imperative with ne is of quite common occurrence in conversational language in Plautus and Terence, and along with it we find ne with the present subjunctive without any difference: ne clama, ne crucia te, ne me obsecra; ne credas, ne erres, ne metuas. Later poets chiefly use ne with the present subjunct., and ne with the imperative only when they speak emphatically. Servius, on Virg. Aen. vi. 544. expressly remarks: ne saevi antique dictum est. Nam nunc ne saevias dicimus, nec imperativum jungimus adverbio imperantis. In saying that ne saevias was used in his time, he was probably thinking more especially of poets. It is not used in the classical prose writers, who always prefer the paraphrased imperative noli saevire. (§ 586.)

[§ 586.] 4. The following forms are used instead of both tenses of the imperative:

a) The future, which however takes the negative non, if anything is forbidden; e. g. facies or non facies hoc; Cic. ad Fam. vii. 20. Sed valebis, meaque negotia videbis, meque diis juvantibus ante brumam expectabis, instead of vale, vide, expecta; Liv. vii. 35. Ubi sententiam meam vobis peregero, tum quibus eadem placebunt, in dextram partem taciti transibitis, instead of

transitote.

b) The third person of the present subjunctive, both in an

affirmative and negative command, is even more frequently used than the imperative, unless a writer intentionally uses the legal phraseology.

c) The second person of the perfect subjunctive, with the negative ne, as Cic. Acad. ii. 40.: Tu vero ista ne asciveris neve fueris commenticiis rebus assensus; ad Fam. vii. 25.: Secreto hoc audi, tecum habeto, ne Apellae quidem, liberto tuo, dixeris. Respecting the subjunctive used for the imperative, see § 529.

The affirmative imperative is paraphrased by cura (or curato) ut, fuc ut, or fac alone with the subjunctive; e. g. cura ut quam primum venias, facite ut recordemini, fac animo forti magnoque sis. The negative imperative is paraphrased by fac ne, cave ne, or commonly by cave alone (without ne), with the present or perfect subjunctive: cave putes, cave dixeris; but especially by noli with the infinitive: noli putare, nolite (nolitote) existimare.

Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva, Horat. Ars Poet. 385. Qui adipisci veram gloriam volet, justitiae fungatur officiis, Cic. de Off. ii. 13.

Quod dubitas ne feceris, Plin. Epist. i. 18.

Nihil ignoveris, nihil omnino gratiae concesseris, misericordia commotus ne sis! Cic. p. Muren. 31.

Magnum fac animum habeas et spem bonam, Cic. ad Quint. Frat. 2. in fin.

Nolite id velle quod fieri non potest, et cavete ne spe praesentis pacis perpetuam pacem omittatis, Cic. Philip. vii. 8.

[§ 587.] Note. We also find an imperative of the perfect passive, but very rarely; Ovid, Trist. iv. 8. 51.: At vos admoniti nostris quoque casibus este; and the famous exclamation of Caesar before passing the Rubicon, in Sueton. Caes. 32. Jacta alea esto! áveppíḍ0w rúboç. The subjunctive is more commonly used instead of it, as jacta sit alea!

CHAP. LXXX.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

[§ 588.] 1. THE infinitive expresses the action or condition implied in the verb in the form of an abstract generality, with

out specifying either person, number, or time; it merely indicates the relations of an action, that is, whether it is in progress or completed. Scribere, to write, expresses the action as in progress; scripsisse, to have written, as completed. To what time the action thus described belongs, is determined by the verb on which the infinitive depends.

Note 1. The one of these infinitives is called the present and the other the perfect infinitive. The former name is incorrect, for it is not the present time that is expressed by scribere, since, besides volo scribere, we may say, (heri) volebam scribere, volueram scribere, and (cras) volam scribere; but the action is described only as in progress. The infinitives should therefore rather be called infinitivus rei infectae and infinitivus rei perfectae. If, however, we compare the two infinitives with the tenses of the verb, we are naturally struck by the resemblance between scribere and scribo, and between scripsisse and scripsi; although, with regard to the relation of the action, the imperfect scribebam and the pluperfect scripseram have the same claim as scribo and scripsi. Hence the first infinitive is also called infinitivus praesentis et imperfecti, and the other infinitivus perfecti et plusquamperfecti ; but neither of these designations comprises the whole of their signification.

[§ 589.] Note 2. Memini, in a narrative of events at which the speaker himself has been present, is joined with the present infinitive, although the action may be completed; and the speaker thus transfers himself to the past, and describes the action as if it was in progress before his eyes; e. g. Cic. in Verr. ii. 4.: memini Pamphylum mihi narrare; Lael 3.: memini Catonem mecum et cum Scipione disserere; p. Sext. 35.: meministis tum, judices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri, cloacas referciri, e foro sponguis effingi sanguinem. So also memoria teneo, Q. Scaevolam bello Marsico, quum esset summa senectute, quotidie facere omnibus conveniendi sui potestatem, in Cicero, Philip. viii. 10.; and even scribit is construed like meminit, as Cic. de Off. iii. 2. in fin. And after the analogy of memini, Cicero (de Off. i. 30.), without speaking of things he has witnessed himself, and merely for the sake of vivid expression, says: M. Maximum accepimus facile celare, tacere, dissimulare, insidiari, praecipere hostium consilia. But when the sentence is not a narrative, but only a statement of a result, memini is also joined with the infinitive of the completed action; e. g. Cic. p. Rosc. Am. 42.: meministis me ita distribuisse initio causam, where the judges are requested to remember the division he had made; Cic. p. Milon. 35.: meminit etiam, sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, quam minime desiderarit, populi vero cunctis suffragiis, quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum; Liv. xxxvi. 34.: quamquam merito iratus erat Aetolis, quod solos obtrectasse gloriae suae meminerat.

[$ 590.] Note 3. The infinitive perfect is sometimes used in Latin instead of the infinitive present, to express the result of an action rather than its progress; e. g. juvat me, pudet me hoc fecisse. This is the case chiefly after the expressions satis mihi est, satis habeo, contentus sum, which are usually joined with the infinitive perfect in the prose of the silver age; e.g. Quintil. ii. 1. 2.: Grammatici non satis credunt excepisse, quae a rhetoribus relicta erant; Vell. Pat. ii. 103.: contenti simus id unum dixisse; and many other instances. In like manner the infinitive perfect is joined with melius

erit, as Terent. Adelph. ii. 1. 26. : ante aedes non fecisse convicium; Liv. iii. 48. quiesse erit melius; iii. 41.: vocem non misisse. In ancient laws forbidding anything, velle is joined in like manner with the infinitive perfect; e. g. in the senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus: Ne Bacchanal habuisse velit, Bacchas ne quis adisse velit; and this mode of speaking is often imitated by later writers, as Horat. Serm. ii. 3. 187.: ne quis humasse velit Ajacem, Atrida, vetas cur? Ovid, Am. i. 4. 38: Oscula praecipue nulla dedisse velis ; and is further extended to mere negative sentences; e. g. Horat. Serm. i. 2. 28.: sunt qui nolint tetigisse; Liv. xxii. 59.: haud equidem premendo alium me extulisse velim; Plin. Hist. Nat. x. 30.: quum illam (ciconiam) nemo velit attigisse. Also, with a verb equivalent in meaning to ne velit, as Horat. de Art. Poet. 168.: commisisse cavet, quod mox mutare laboret; or with the positive velim and similar verbs, as Liv. xxx. 14.: Hanc te quoque ad ceteras tuas eximias virtutes, Masinissa, adjecisse velim; Horat. Carm. iii. 4. 52.: tendentes Pelion imposuisse Olympo. The poets go still further, and use the infinitive perfect, without any reference to a completed action, in the sense of the Greek aorist infinitive, where in ordinary language we should expect the infinitive present; e. g. Virg. Aen. vi. 78.: Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit excussisse deum; Ovid, Ars Am. ii. 583.: non vultus texisse suos possunt.

[$ 591.] 2. In the passive voice there are also two infinitives, the one to express the progress of a state of suffering, and the other the completed state of suffering. The one is called the infinitive present and the other the infinitive perfect; the former is simple, laudari, to be praised; the second is formed by a combination of the participle perfect with the verb esse, as laudatus esse, or in the accusative laudatum esse, to have been praised; the participle of course takes the number and gender of the object to which it refers.

[§ 592.] Note. In the absence of a special infinitive to express the completed state of suffering, custom has assigned to the combination of the participle perfect with esse the signification of such an infinitive; and esse thus loses its own signification of a continued state; if, however, the latter must be expressed, another infinitive must be chosen; e. g. scio urbem obsessam teneri, I know that the town is besieged, for scio urbem obsessam esse would not express the continuance of the state, but its completion. Thus we read in Cicero, in Cat. i. 1.: constrictam jam horum conscientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Where, however, the context is so clear that no ambiguity can arise, the participle with esse (e. g, obsessam esse) may be used, and esse retain its original meaning. Thus Cic. (de Off. i. 19.) says: Apud Platonem est, omnem morem Lacedaemoniorum inflammatum esse cupiditate vincendi. But fuisse is used with the participle perfect in its peculiar sense of a doubly completed state, i, e. a state completed previous to a certain past time, and there can be no ambiguity; e. g. Cic. in Verr. iv, 36. certiorem te faciunt, simulacrum Dianae apud Segestanos P. Africani nomine positum ac dedicatum fuisse; Liv. i. 41.: jubet bono animo esse; sopitum fuisse regem subito ictu; Tacit. Ann. iv. 23. : tradidere quidam, Macroni

praescriptum fuisse, si arma ab Sejano moverentur, juvenem ducem populo imponere.

[§ 593.] 3. Besides these infinitives expressing an action or a state in progress and completed, there is, both in the active and passive, an infinitive of future time (infinitivus futuri), which denotes an action or condition as continued. It is formed in the active by a combination of the participle future active with esse, as laudaturum esse; and in the passive by a combination of the supine with iri, as laudatum iri. The former, owing to its participle, may take different genders and numbers, the latter admits of no such change; e. g. Quintil. ix. 2. 88. : Reus videbatur damnatum iri; Cic. in Verr. v. 29.: Sciebat sibi crimini datum iri pecuniam accepisse; de Off. i. 14.: arbitrantur se beneficos visum iri.

Note. The future participle in urus properly expresses an intention or desire; and in this sense it takes the infinitives esse and fuisse, as laudaturum esse, to intend praising; laudaturum fuisse, to have intended praising; scio te scripturum fuisse, I know that you have had the intention to write. Nay, even fore is found with the part. fut. in two passages pointed out by Vossius (de Analog. iii. 16.), viz. Cic. ad Att. v. 21.: deinde addis, si quis secus, te ad me fore venturum, where Ernesti thinks fore corrupt; and Liv. vi. in fin. : quum senatus censeret deorum immortalium causa libenter facturos fore. But this is a pleonasm; for, according to common usage, venturum esse and facturos esse would be sufficient. The infinitive of an action that had once been intended (scripturum fuisse) is further used, especially in the apodosis of hypothetical sentences belonging to the past, where in direct speech the pluperfect subjunctive would be used, as Cic. de Divin. ii. 8.: etiamsi obtemperasset auspiciis, idem eventurum fuisse puto; Tusc. i. 2.: An censemus, si Fabio laudi datum esset quod pingeret, non multos etiam apud nos futuros Polyclitos fuisse? and in like manner the infinitive future with esse is used in the apodosis of hypothetical sentences instead of the imperfect subjunctive; e. g. Cic. in Verr. i. 47.: libertus, nisi jurasset, scelus se facturum (esse) arbitrabatur. The infinit. perfect potuisse occurs in Cic. de Off. i. 1.: Equidem Platonem existimo, si genus forense dicendi tractare voluisset, gravíssime et copiosissime potuisse dicere, in the sense of " that he would have been able to speak," and is to be explained by what has been said in § 518.

[§ 594.] 4. Besides this a circumlocution may be employed for the infinitive of future time, by means of futurum esse or fore followed by ut, and the subjunctive. Here, too, the difference between an action continued and an action completed in future time may be expressed: the former by the present and imperfect, and the latter by the perfect and pluperfect of the subjunctive. The choice of one of these four subjunctive tenses depends upon that of the leading verb; e. g. credo fore