[§ 401.] The poets may express by the accusative any locality answering to the question whither? as in Virgil: Italiam fato profugus Lavinaque venit litora; Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem deveniunt; Ovid: Verba refers aures non per

venientia nostras.

[§ 402.] 10. In exclamations the accusative of the person or thing wondered at is used, either with the interjections o, heu, eheu, or without them. The accusative may be explained by supplying some verb of emotion or declaration; e. g. Heu me miserum! O wretched man that I am! heu dementiam existimantium! O the folly of those who believe, &c.! or without heu: me miserum! Beatos quondam duces Romanos! exclaims Corbulo in Tacit. Ann. xi. 20.; Cic. in Verr. v. 25.: Huncine hominem! hancine impudentiam, judices! hanc audaciam! and in an ironical sense, p. Coel. 26.: In balneis delituerunt: testes egregios! de Orat. iii. 2.: O fallacem hominum spem fragilemque fortunam et inanes nostras contentiones!

[§ 403.] Note 1. With these as with all other interjections the vocative also is used, when the person or thing itself is invoked; e. g. Cic. Philip. xiii. 17. : o miser, quum re, tum hoc ipso quod non sentis, quam miser sis! Vae and hei are usually joined with the dative, as vae misero mihi! vae victis! hei mihi, qualis erat!

Note 2. Ecce and en (Greek v, ví) are preferred with the nominative; as Ecce tuae litterae! Ecce nova turba atque rixa! En ego! En memoria mortui sodalis! en metus vivorum existimationis! Ecce with the accusative occurs only in comedy, in the expression ecce me! and in the contracted forms eccum, eccos, eccillum, eccillam, eccistam.

[§ 404.] 11. The following prepositions govern the accusative: ad, apud, ante, adversus and adversum, cis and citra, circa and circum, circiter, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, per, pone, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, versus, ultra, and in and sub when joined with verbs of motion. Respecting super and subter see § 320.

CHAP. LXXII.

DATIVE CASE.

[$ 405.] 1. THE dative is the case of reference, or if we compare it with the accusative, the case denoting the remoter object; for as the accusative serves to denote the effect or that which is acted upon, in contrast to the agent or active subject,

so the dative denotes that with reference to which the subject acts, or in reference to which it possesses this or that quality; e. g. scribo vobis hunc librum, I write this book (the agent and effect, or cause and effect) for you (with reference to you, for your advantage); prosum tibi, I am useful to you (in reference to you). Hence the dative is used

a) With all transitive verbs, besides the accusative, either expressed or understood, to denote the person in reference to whom or for whom a thing is done; e. g. date panem pauperibus, commendo tibi liberos meos, mitto tibi librum, rex mihi domum aedificavit; in the following sentences the accusative is understood, or its place is supplied by the sentences which follow: suadeo tibi, persuadeo tibi, nuntiavit imperatori, promisit militibus. This rule implies that the person for whose benefit or loss anything is done, is expressed by the dative (dativus commodi et incommodi); e. g. Pisistratus sibi, non patriae, Megarenses vicit, Justin; Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, Senec. Epist. 106.

[§ 406.] 6) With intransitive verbs, which though they usually do not govern any case, may yet express that the action is done with reference to something or somebody. We mention here especially vacare, nubere, and supplicare. Vaco signifies "I am free," hence vaco alicui rei, I have leisure for a thing or occupy myself with it, as vaco philosophiae. Nubo originally signifies "I cover;" and as according to an ancient custom the bride on her wedding-day covered her face, she was said nubere alicui viro, "to cover herself for a man," that is, "to marry." (In the passive, however, we find nupta cum viro.) Supplico signifies "I am a suppliant" (supplex), hence supplico alicui, I implore a person. Homo non sibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae, sed suis, Cic. De Fin. ii. 14.

Civitas Romana inter bellorum strepitum parum olim vacabat liberalibus disciplinis. Sueton. De Grammat.

Plures in Asia mulieres singulis viris solent nubere, Cic. Neque Caesari solum, sed etiam amicis ejus omnibus pro te, sicut adhuc feci, libentissime supplicabo. Cic. Ad Fam. vi. 14.

[§ 407.] Note 1. Suadeo tibi hanc rem, has nothing that is strange to us, as we use the same construction in English. Persuadeo denotes the completion of suadeo, and must be noticed here because its construction differs from that of our verb "to persuade." We use the passive form "I am persuaded," but in Latin we must say hoc (or any other neuter pronoun) mihi persuadetur, as the construction is managed in such a way as to make the

clause which follows the subject: persuadetur mihi, persuasum mihi est, mihi persuasum habeo (this occurs only in Caes. Bell. Gall. iii. 2.) esse aliquid, but also de aliqua re. Persuadeo te has been found in a fragment of Cicero, p. Tull. § 39. ed. Peyron, but is otherwise altogether unclassical; it explains however the personal participle persuasus which occurs now and then. Mihi quidem nunquam persuaderi potuit, animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere, quum exissent ex his, emori, Cic. Cat. Maj. 22.

[§ 408.] Note 2. The free application of the dative, or what is termed the dativus commodi et incommodi, enabled the Romans to speak with great nicety and conciseness. Compare, for example, the following passages, whose number might be greatly increased, Cic. in Verr. ii. 8.: (Verres) hunc hominem Veneri absolvit, sibi condemnat, to the loss of Venus (whose temple was to have received a bequest) he acquits him, but for his own benefit he condemns him; Terent. Adelph. i. 2. 35.: quod peccat, Demea, mihi peccat. In Plautus (Capt. iv. 2. 86.), a person answers to the impertinent remark esurire mihi videris: mihi quidem esurio, non tibi; i. e. it does not concern you. The dative of personal pronouns is very often used where it is superfluous as far as the meaning is concerned, but it always conveys the expression of a lively feeling, and is therefore termed dativus ethicus; e. g. Liv. Praef. Ad illa mihi pro se quisque acriter intendat animum; Horat. Epist. i. 3. 15. Quid mihi Celsus agit? What is my old friend Celsus doing? In some cases the pronoun gives to the expression an almost personal shade of meaning, Sallust, Cat. 52.: hic mihi quisquam misericordiam nominat! Let no one talk to me of mercy! Cic. Philip. viii. 4.: hic mihi etiam Q. Fufius pacis commoda commemorat! The following phrases also should be observed: quid tibi vis? what do you want? quid sibi iste vult? what does he want? quid vult sibi haec oratio? what does this speech mean? quid haec sibi dona volunt? what is the meaning of these presents? or what is their object?

[$ 409.] 2. The dative is joined with all adjectives (and adverbs) whose meaning is incomplete, unless a person or an object is mentioned for or against whom, for whose benefit or loss the quality exists. Of this kind are those which express utility or injury, pleasantness or unpleasantness, inclination or disinclination, ease or difficulty, suitableness or unsuitableness, similarity or dissimilarity, equality or inequality.

Adjectives expressing a friendly or hostile disposition towards a person, may take the prepositions in, erga, adversus, instead of the dative; and utilis, inutilis, aptus, ineptus generally take the preposition ad to express the thing for which any thing is useful or fit; e. g. homo ad nullam rem utilis; locus aptus ad insidias ; but the person to or for whom a thing is useful or fit, is always expressed by the dative.

Canis nonne similis lupo? atque, ut Ennius, “simia quam
similis, turpissima bestia, nobis !" Cic. De Nat. Deor. i. 35.
Fidelissimi ante omnia homini canis et equus, Plin.
Invia virtuti nulla est via. Ovid, Met. xiv. 113.

Cunctis esto benignus, nulli blandus, paucis familiaris, omnibus aequus, Seneca.

[$410.] Note 1. Amicus, inimicus, familiaris, are properly adjectives, and as such have their degrees of comparison and are joined with the dative, as in Nepos : Miltiades amicior omnium libertati, quam suae fuit dominationi; and homo mihi amicissimus, mihi familiarissimus, are very common expressions. When used as substantives they are joined with a genitive or an adjective, as amicus patris mei, amicus meus; and it is owing to their character of substantives that even in the superlative we find amicissimus, familiarissimus, inimicissimus (and on the same principle iniquissimus) meus. Cicero, in Verr. i. 26., uses the genitive: amicissimus nostrorum hominum. Invidus, envious, and intimus, intimate, when used as adjectives, take the dative, as in Cicero: intimus erat Clodio, but as substantives they take the genitive or a possessive pronoun; e. g. ab invidis tuis, ex intimis meis, invidus laudis. Hostis, on the other hand, though a real substantive, sometimes takes a dative according to the analogy of inimicus; e. g. dis hominibusque hostis.

[§ 411.] Note 2. The dative is also joined with adjectives and adverbs denoting affinity and propinquity, as conterminus, propinquus, vicinus, finitimus, affinis. As prope, the preposition, governs the accusative, its degrees of comparison (§ 266.) propior and propius, proximus and proxime, take both the dative and accusative, e. g. Curt. ix. 12.: propius tribunal accedere, and in Sallust: Libyes propius mare Africum agitabant, proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. (Comp. Gronovius on Livy, xxii. 40.) Affinis, in the sense of "partaking," sometimes takes the genitive, as in Cicero: affinis hujus suspicionis ; affinis rei capitalis, together with affinis huic sceleri, ei turpitudini. Vicinus and vicina are both adjectives and substantives, and in the latter sense they take the genitive.

The following adjectives govern both the dative and the genitive: aequalis, cognominis, contrarius, communis, peculiaris, proprius, superstes. The genitive is very frequent with proprius, e.g. Cic.: Imprimis hominis est propria veri investigatio; Aliae nationes servitutem pati possunt, populi Romani est propria libertas, especially when the neuter proprium is used as a substantive in the sense of "property," or "peculiarity," e. g. Proprium est oratoris ornate dicere. The same is the case with communis, as in Cic. de Fin. v. 23. Haec justitiae ita propria sunt, ut sint reliquarum virtutum communia. Hence a possessive pronoun is frequently joined to proprius, as ademit nobis omnia, quae nostra erant propria; both constructions are combined in Cic. p. Sulla, 3.: Nulla est enim in re publica causa mea propria: tempus agendi fuit magis mihi proprium, quam ceteris. Aequalis governs the genitive only in the sense of "contemporary," in which it occurs also as a substantive, whence meus aequolis but the dative is not unusual in this sense. Superstes occurs in Plautus and Terence with the dative, but in later writers the genitive is more prevalent. Even Cicero (ad Quint. Frat. i. 3.) says: Utinam te non solum vitae, sed etiam dignitatis superstitem reliquissem, and Tacitus often uses the genitive, e. g. Agr. 3.: pauci, ut ita dixerim, non modo aliorum sed etiam nostri superstites sumus.

The adjectives similis, assimilis, consimilis, dissimilis, par and dispar, take the genitive, when an internal resemblance, or a resemblance in character and disposition, is to be expressed. Thus we always find mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri similis; Liv. i. 20.: quia in civitate bellicosa plures Romuli, quam Numae similes reges putabat fore; iii. 64.: collaudatis consulibus, quod perseverarent

ad ultimum dissimiles decemvirorum esse; Cic. Cat. Maj. 10.: Dux ille Graeciae nusquam optat, ut Ajacis similes habeat decem, at ut Nestoris. And Cicero may therefore say both mors somni and somno similis. Par and dispar are joined with the genitives of pronouns, like similis, e. g. Cic. in Pis. 4.: Q. Metellum, cujus paucos pares haec civitas tulit; Cat. Maj. 21.: Simplex animi natura est, neque habet in se quicquam admixtum dispar sui atque dissimile.

[§ 412.] 3. Hence the dative is joined with those intransitive verbs which express the same ideas as the adjectives mentioned in § 409., and also with those denoting, to command, serve, trust, mistrust, approach, threaten, and to be angry. They are comprised in the following list: prosum, auxilior, adminiculor, opitulor, patrocinor, subvenio, succurro, medeor; noceo, obsum, desum, officio, incommodo, insulto, insidior; faveo, placeo, gratificor, indulgeo, ignosco, studeo, pareo, adūlor, blandior, lenocinor, palpor, assentior, assentor, respondeo; adversor, refragor, obsto, renitor, repugno, resisto, invideo, aemulor, obtrecto, convicior, maledico; placeo, arrideo-displiceo; impero (may be used also as a transitive), pareo, cedo, ausculto, obedio, obsequor, obtempero, morigeror (morem gero), alicui dicto audiens sum, servio, inservio, ministro, famulor, ancillor, praestolor; credo (is used also in a transitive sense), fido, confido, diffido; immineo, propinquo, appropinquo, impendeo, occurro; minor, comminor (both are used also in a transitive sense), irascor, stomachor, succenseo. To these must be added the impersonals convenit, it suits; conducit and expedit, it is conducive, expedient; dolet, it grieves. The beginner must take especial care not to use the passive of these verbs personally, to which he might easily be tempted by the English equivalents; e. g. I am envied, I am molested, I am scolded, I am spared, and the like. In Latin the passive is impersonal: mihi invidetur, obtrectatur, incommodatur, mihi maledicitur, parcitur. Jubeo, I command, forms an exception, requiring the accusative with the infinitive.

Probus invidet nemini, Cic. Timaeus, 3.

Efficit hoc philosophia: medetur animis, inanes sollicitudines detrahit, cupiditatibus liberat, pellit timores. Cic. Tusc. ii. 4. Antiochus se nec impensae, nec labori, nec periculo parsurum pollicebatur, donec liberam vere Graeciam atque in ea principes Aetolos fecisset, Liv. xxxv. 44.

Demosthenes ejus ipsius artis, cui studebat, primam litteram non peterat dicere, Cic. De Orat. i. 61.