recognitum; ignosco, pardon, has ignotum; dignosco and internosco have no supine.

Pasco, pavi, pastum, feed.

Depasco, feed down. The deponent pascor, feed or eat.

Quiesco, quievi, quietum, rest.

Acquiesco, repose with satisfaction; conquiesco, requiesco, rest. Suesco, suevi, suetum, mostly intransitive, grow accustomed, or, more rarely, accustom another. But suetus signifies accustomed."

66

So also assuesco, consuesco, insuesco, generally accustom one's self; desuesco, disaccustom one's self. Some passages where they occur in a transitive sense (in which otherwise the compounds with facio are used, see § 183.) are referred to by Bentley on Horace, Serm. i. 4. 105.

Compesco, compescui, (no supine,) restrain.

Dispesco, dispescui, (no supine,) divide.

Disco, didici, (no supine: disciturus in Appuleius,) learn.

Addisco, addidici, learn in addition; dedisco, unlearn; edisco, learn by heart.

Posco, poposci, (no supine), demand.

Deposco, depoposci, and reposco, demand back; exposco, expoposci, challenge.

Glisco, gliscere, increase.

Hisco, hiscere, open the mouth, gape.

CHAP. LII.

INCHOATIVES.

[§ 204.] THE inchoatives (see § 234.) in sco are partly formed from verbs (chiefly of the second conjugation*), and partly from nouns (substantives or adjectives), and are accordingly called inchoativa verbalia or inchoativa nominalia, that is, verbal or nominal

* According to a passage in Gellius, vi. 15., they were probably pronounced with a naturally long e, as calēsco, pallēsco.

inchoatives. The first have no other perfect than that of the simple verb; the others either have none, or form it in a similar way in ui. Few of the verbal inchoatives have the supine of the simple verb.

Only those which are of most frequent occurrence are given in the following list. There are a great many more, but their formation is easy and analogous. Thus we may form inchoatives to the intransitive verbs in Chap. XLV., if there is any occasion for it, and we may be assured that it occurs in some passage or other of the ancients.

1. Verbal Inchoatives with the Perfect of the Simple Verb.

Acesco (aceo), acui, grow sour; coacesco, peracesco.

Albesco, and exalbesco (albeo), exalbui, grow white.

Aresco (areo), arui, grow dry.

Calesco (caleo), calui, become warm.

Canesco (caneo), canui, become grey.

Conticesco (taceo), conticui, am reduced to silence.

Contremisco (tremo), contremui, tremble.

Defervesco (ferveo), deferbui, gradually lose my heat.

Delitesco (lateo), delitui, lurk.

Effervesco (ferveo), efferbui, grow hot.

Excandesco (candeo), excandui, grow of a white heat; figuratively, am

enraged.

Extimesco, pertimesco (timeo), extimui, am terrified.

Floresco, de-, effloresco (floreo), efflorui, bloom.

Haeresco, and ad-, inhaeresco (haereo), ad-, inhaesi, adhere to.

Horresco, exhorresco, perhorresco (horreo), exhorrui, am struck with horror.

Ingemisco (gemo), ingemui, groan.

Intumesco (tumeo), intumui, swell up.

Irraucisco (raucio), irrausi, become hoarse.

Languesco, elanguesco, relanguesco (langueo), elangui, become feeble.

Liquesco (liqueo), licui, melt away.

Madesco (madeo), madui, become wet.

Marcesco (marceo), comp. commarcesco, emarcesco, emarcui, fade.

Occallesco (calleo), occallui, acquire a callous surface.

Pallesco, expallesco (palleo), pallui, turn pale.

Putresco (putreo), putrui, moulder.

Resipisco (sapio), resipui and resipivi, recover wisdom.

Rubesco, erubesco (rubeo), grow red, blush.

Senesco, consenesco (seneo), consenui, grow old. The participle senectus, grown old, is little used."

Stupesco and obstupesco (stupeo), obstupui, am struck.

Tabesco (tabeo), tabui, pine, waste away.

Tepesco (tepeo), tepui, grow lukewarm.

Viresco, comp. conviresco, eviresco, reviresco (vireo), virui, grow green.

2. Verbal Inchoatives which have the Supine as well as Perfect of the Simple Verb.

Abolesco, abolevi, abolitum, cease, am annihilated.

Exolesco, exolevi, exolētum, grow useless by age. So also obsolesco.
Adolesco, adolevi, adultum, grow up. See § 174. Oleo.

Coalesco (alere), coalui, coalitum, grow together.
Concupisco (cupere), concupivi, concupitum, desire.

Convalesco (valere), convalui, convalĭtum, recover health.
Exardesco (ardere), exarsi, exarsum, am inflamed.

Indolesco (dolere), indolui, itum, feel pain.

Inveterasco (inveterare), inveteravi, atum, grow old.

Obdormisco (dormire), ivi, itum, fall asleep; edormisco, sleep out.

Revivisco (vivěre), revixi, revictum, recover life.

Scisco (scire), scivi, scitum, resolve, decree. Hence plebiscitum, populiscitum.

[205.] 3. Inchoatives derived from Nouns.

a) Without a Perfect.

Aegresco (aeger), grow sick.

Ditesco (dives), grow rich.

Dulcesco (dulcis), grow sweet.

Grandesco (grandis), grow large.

Gravesco and ingravesco (gravis), grow heavy.

Incurvesco (curvus), become crooked.

Integrasco (integer), become renovated.

Juvenesco (juvenis), grow young.

Mitesco (mitis), grow mild.

Mollesco (mollis), grow soft.

Pinguesco (pinguis), grow fat.

Plumesco (pluma), get feathers.

Puerasco, repuerasco (puer), become a child (again).

Sterilesco (sterilis), become barren.

Teneresco, tenerasco (tener), become tender.

b) With a Perfect.

Crebresco, increbresco, and percrebresco (creber), crebrui, grow frequent or

current.

Duresco, obduresco (durus), durui, grow hard.

Evanesco (vanus), evanui, disappear.

Innotesco (notus), innotui, become known.

Macresco (macer), macrui, grow lean.

Mansuesco (mansuetus), mansuevi, grow tame.

Maturesco (maturus), maturui, grow ripe.

Nigresco (niger), nigrui, grow black.

Obmutesco (mutus), obmutui, become dumb.

Obsurdesco (surdus), obsurdui, become deaf.

Recrudesco (crudus), recrudui, to open again (of a wound that had been closed).

Vilesco and evilesco (vilis), evilui, become cheap or worthless.

CHAP. LIII.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

[§ 206.] THE desiderative verbs (see § 232.) in ŭrio, e. g. coenaturio, dormiturio, empturio, have neither perfect nor supine with the exception of esurio, desire to eat, perfect esurivi, particip. esuriturus; nupturio, desire to marry, and parturio, am in labour, have only perfects, nupturivi and parturivi, but no supine.

The following verbs vary, either in the perfect or in the supine, or in both, from the regular form (ivi, itum).

Cio, civi, citum, regular; but see § 180.

Eo, ivi, itum, with its compounds.

§ 215.

See Defective Verbs,

Farcio, farsi, fartum (also written farctum), farcire, stuff. The supine farsum is more rare and not as good.

Confercio and refercio, fersi, fertum, fill up; effercio, infercio, are conjugated like the simple verb.

Fulcio, fulsi, fultum, fulcire, prop.

The perfect thus presents no external difference from the perfect of fulgeo.

Haurio, hausi, haustum, haurire, draw.

The supine hausum is rare, but the participle hausurus is as common as hausturus.

Queo, quivi or quiï, quitum, quire. See § 216.

Raucio, rausi, rausum, raucire, am hoarse (raucus).

The compound irrauserit, in Cic. de Orat. i. 61. See § 204. Saepio, saepsi, saeptum, saepire (some write sepio), hedge in. Sălio, salui, more rarely salii (saltum), salire, spring.

In the comp. desilio, exilio, insilio, &c., the perf. -silui is far better than the forms in silii and salivi, and must be restored in the authors of the best age from the MSS. See Drakenb. on Liv. ii. 10., and Schwarz on Pliny, Paneg. 66. The supine does not exist either in the simple verb or in the compounds, though the derivatives saltus, ūs, desultor, insultare, lead us to a form saltum, and in compounds sultum. The regular verb salire,

salt, must not be confounded with salire, spring. The former is synonymous with the obsolete salĕre or sallere, from which salsus is derived.

Sancio, sanri, sancitum and sanctum, sancire, decree, sanction. Sanctus is found as a participle, though it is commonly an adjective, but sancitus is more common.

Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarcire, patch.

Resarcio, repair.

Sentio, sensi, sensum, sentire, feel, think.

Consentio, agree; dissentio, disagree; praesentio, perceive beforehand. The compound assentio is not as common as the deponent assentior, but is founded on good authority, e.g. Cic. ad Att. ix. 9.: assentio; ad Fam. v.2.: assensi; and three other instances of the perfect, which are quoted by Bünemann on Lactant. i. 15. 19.

Sepelio, -ivi, sepultum, sepelire, bury.

Venio, vēni, ventum, venire, come.

Advenio, arrive; convenio, meet; obvenio, encounter; pervenio, reach ; invenio, find.

Vincio, vinxi, vinctum, vincire, bind.

Devincio, bind closely, bind by duty.

Amicio, amictum, amicire, clothe.

(The perfects amixi and amicui are attested by the grammarian Diomedes, p. 364., but are not found in our authors. Amicivi (amicisse) on the other hand occurs in Fronto).

Aperio, ui, rtum, aperire, open.

So operio and cooperio, cover. But comperio makes compĕri, compertum, comperire (is used in the present and infinitive, also as a deponent, comperior, comperiri), experience, and reperio, repĕri (or repperi), repertum, find.

Ferio-ferire, strike. (In the active percussi is used as a perfect, and in the passive ictus sum.)

Ferocio-ferocire, am wild or insolent.

Visio-visire, Bdéw.

Punio, punish, is regular; but is sometimes used by Cicero, as a deponent, de Off. i. 25.: punitur; Tuscul. i. 44.: puniantur; Philip. viii. 3.: puniretur; p. Milon. 13.: punitus es; de Invent. ii. 27.: punitus sis.