Fellows, J., testimony respecting truck, 331n. Finlaison, A. G., statistics of loss of time by sickness, 23n.; discovers error of British Government in sale of annuities, 400, 401. Finnie, Mr., comparison of American Negro and East Indian laborer, 42n. Fix, Théodore, Les Classes Ouvrières.
Mining accidents rare in France, 3in.; ill-success of strikes, 388. Food, in its relation to laboring force, 53-8; relative .expenditure of dif- ferent classes for, 117n.; habits in respect to, of various nations, 118-24; is cheap food desirable? 121-4. France, payment of agricultural wages in, 20; of mechanical wages, 21; du- ration of the laboring power of the population, 34, 35; efficiency of la- bor compared with other countries, 43, 44, 46; North and South of, varying efficiency of labor, 47; sta- tistics of height and weight, 51; food of the laboring population, 54; town and country rents, 118n.; speech-dif- ferences among population, 175n.; proportion of foreigners, 184; peas- ant proprietorship general, 209; frugality of the peasantry, 235; co- operation in France, 274, 282, 287; comparative freedom of industry, 309; taxation under the old régime, 317; marriage statistics, 356; factory legislation, 360, 361; laws against strikes and combinations, 394, 395; friendly societies, 402.
Francis, Sir P., good work not appre- ciated in Turkey, 60n. Fraser, Mr., economy of woman's labor, 381.
Free-Traders, distinguished from the "Manchester" school, 161, 162. Frugality, amongst Irish in America, 124; proportionately greater among laborers than among employers, 235; not encouraged by large and sudden rise of wages, 236; encouraged by co-operation, 271, 272; giving the wages class an advantage in compe- tition for the product of industry, 345-8
George IV., industrial legislation of his reign, 394.
Germany, payment of agricultural wages in, 20: industrial code re- quires payment of mechanics' wages in money, 21; food habits of people, 118; peasant proprietorship general, 209; co-operation in Germany, 274, 287; restrictions on industry, 309; factory legislation, 360; strikes, 395.
Germans easily adapting themselves to the ways of other people, 187n. Gibbon, 29n., 257. Gilbert's act (English Poor Law), 320, 321.
Gleaning of fields, in part payment of wages, 22. Girdlestone, Canon, the agricultural laborers of England, 38; food of Devon peasant, 56; unsanitary con- dition of dwellings in Devonshire, 61. Goltz, Ta. Frh, von der, Die Lage der Ländlichen Arbeiter im Deutschen Reich, 20
Gould, H. B. M. Consul; efficiency of Swiss factory labor, 44n.; loss of wages by school attendance, 123; industrial desires of the Swiss peasantry, 127n. ; character of Swiss employers, 259, 260; co-operation in Switzerland, 274, 282.
Grattan, Consul, intemperance in Belgium, 78n.
Great Britain, consumption of liquors, 349; savings bank statistics, 350; friendly societies, 403.
Greece, holidays in, 29; efficiency of laborers, 44n.
Greek Church, holidays in, 29. Greenhow, Dr., the effects on health
of dry-grinding the metals, 36: the heat in copper mines, 38n. Greg, W. R., Social Enigmas, 103. Guilds, predecessors of the modern Trades Unions, 228; remains of, in Europe, 309; their beneficial influ- ence, 405.
Hallam, Henry, Constitutional History of England, 369n.
Haines, W. P., married women in factories, 383n.
Harmonies, the Economic, 160, 197, 220, 221, 240, 316. Harrison, Frederick, 183, 272, 277n., 279n., 291n.
Hastings, Geo. W., facility of the poor in becoming paupers, 324. Head, Mr., statistics of retail trading, 285.
Hearn, Prof. Plutology, 27, 67, 76, 195, 196, 246.
Heath, Mr., English Peasantry, 21n. 23, 24.
Henry VI, industrial legislation of | Ireland, the pig formerly paying the
Henry VIII., industrial legislation of
Herries, Mr., payment of wages in Italy, 21; co-operation, 282; factory legislation, 362; strikes, friendly societies, 403.
Hindoos, loss of time by holidays, 29; inefficiency of labor, 42.
Hirt, Dr., Krankheiten der Arbeiter, 36.
Holidays, loss of time by, 29; pre- scribed by factory legislation, 360, 361.
Holmes, H. B. M. Consul, good work
not appreciated in Bosnia, 60n. Holyoake, George J., extent of waste in production, 48n; co-operation, 286.
Hopefulness in labor, 72-7.
Hopper, R. W., strikes never success- ful, 388.
Horner, L., Employment of Children in Factories, 167, 360.
Hours of labor, 167, 168, 359–62 Hungary, the nobles of, freeing their
serfs, 74, 75; taxation under the old régime, 318.
Hunter, Dr., Famine Aspects of India, 111, 112.
Huskisson, Mr., free trade in labor, 394.
Immigrants into the United States,
accidents of their location, 181-3; into France, Macedonia, and Corsica, 187n.
Improvements, unexhausted, in agri- culture, 281n.
India, efficiency of labor in, 42, 46 ineffective machinery employed, 67; famines, 112; food habits of the people, 118; immobility of the pop- ulation, 177.
Industry, manufacturing, incessant movement of, 178. Inglis, H., 24, 61, 76.
Insurance, Life, is expensive and fails
to reach the working classes, | 401.
Intelligence, a factor of the laborer's efficiency in production, 65-7; in- fluences the distribution of the pro- duct, 352-4.
Intemperance lowers the efficiency of labor, 78, 87; the great foe to fru- gality, 349, 350.
Interest, the term used in this treatise only of sums paid for capital actual- ly loaned, 225, 226; is interest at the minimum ? 234.
Inventions constitute an economical reason for increase of wages, 146, 147.
rent, 24; duration of the laboring power in, 34, 35; inefficiency of labor before the famine, 43, 45, 46; sta- tistics of height and weight, 50; food of the laboring population, 55; un- sanitary condition of dwellings, 61; proverbial indolence of the popula- tion accounted for, 76; the famine of 1846-7, 111; food habits of the people, 118; tenure of the soil, 213; relations between landlord and ten- ant influencing rents, 368-7. Irish, in America, their frugality, 124; their accidental location, 182; in England, jealousy of, 176n; their early marriages at home and abroad, 355.
Italy, payment of wages in sulphur- mining, 21; peasant proprietorship increasing, 209; public sentiment protects the cultivator, 211n; co-operation, 282; factory legislation, 362; rents influenced by public opinion, 368; strikes, 396; friendly societies, 403.
Jarvis, Edward, cost of rearing chil- dren to be charged against their wages, 33n., 34n.
Jefferson, Th., the paper money of the American revolution, 16.
Johnson, Dr., eggs and pence in the Highlands, 17.
Johnston, Prof., Notes on North Amer- ica, 92n.
Jones, Richard, Political Economy, 43, 125n., 208, 211n., 213n., 215, 217. Justices of the peace (England), em- powered to fix the rates of wages, 306; must be landed proprietors, 366.
Kane, Dr., Industrial Resources of Ireland, 43, 79, 80.
Kennedy, John, manufacturing im- provements stimulated by industrial distresses, 257.
Kennedy, J. G., strikes in Belgium, 395.
Labor, often performed by the person who supplies capital in production, 8; mobility of labor essential to com- petition, 163; can labor be accumu- lated and saved? 292-4.
Labor, cost of, real distinguished from nominal, 40; efficiency of, causes of differences in the, chap. iii.; in con- nection with natural agents deter- mines the amount that can be paid in wages, 131.
Labor-power, its duration an element in determining wages, 33, 402; cost of rearing children to age to labor, 33, 34.
Labor question, not identical with the | Marriage, procrastination of, 354, 355; wages question, 206.
Laborers, the several classes of, 9; the statute of, 305, 392.
Laing, Samuel, Notes of a Traveller, 71; Denmark and the Duchies, 309; Tour in Sweden, 310.
Laissez Faire, a practical rule, not a principle of universal application, 162, 168; applied to truck, 336; to factory legislation, 357-9; to strikes and trades unions, 385, 386. Lamport, Charles, effect of unsanitary conditions upon life and laboring power, 65n.
Land, tenure of, in different countries, 207-13.
Laveleye, E. de., the orthodox political economy, 155.
Lecky, History of Rationalism in Eu- rope, 29n., 405n.
Legal profession, duration of life in,
Legislation in aid of labor, 168-73,
356-62; in restraint of labor, 302-9. Leighton, Sir B., concession of Cow- land, 24.
Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, Land Systems of Ireland and the Continent, 213n. Levi, Leone, estimated number of working days in the year, 31. Liquors, consumption of, in Great Britain, 349, 350.
Lock-outs affecting the regularity of employment, 30.
Locock, Mr., food of the laboring pop- ulation of the Netherlands, 56n.; strikes, 395.
Longe, F. D., Refutation of the Wage Fund, etc., 132n.
Lytton, Mr., coöperation in Austria, 288; the corporation system, 310. Macadam, Dr. S., analyses of drink- ing water, 65.
Macaulay, T. B., History of England, 369, 370.
Macedonia, its winter population aug- mented by immigration, 187n. Mahon, Lord, History of England, 41.
Machinery, waste of, with ignorant labor, 67; disturbances introduced by machinery into labor, 178, 189. Malet, Mr., factory legislation in France, 361.
Malthusianism, chap. vi., cf. p. 357. Manchester School of Political Econ- omy, 161, 162, 336.
"Manchester Unity," the, its financial condition, 400.
Mansfield, Lord, the incidence of taxa- tion, 3167.
Martineau, H., History of England, 30, 176n., 322.
statistics of age at marriage, 356; effects of recent social causes in diminishing marriage, 381. Massachusetts Colony, industrial legis- lation of, 305, 306, 327.
Maurice (and Tallon), Legislation sur le Travail des Enfants, 361. McCulloch, J. R. Political Economy, 105, 109n., 120n., 121n.; Commer- cial Dictionary, 350n. McDonnell, Survey of Political Economy, 282.
Medical profession, duration of life in the, 37.
Metayer tenancy, 211, 212. Mill, James, Political Economy, 144n. Mill, John Stuart, Political Economy
(Little & Brown, 1848), the allot- ment system, 25n.; influence of the imagination in economics, 77n.; the degradation of the English laboring population, 82n., 83n.; "diminish- ing returns" in agriculture, 96n.; working-classes as consumers of manufactured goods, 125m the wage fund doctrine, 143.; the law of international values, 196, 197; co-operation, 282; the office of cus- tom, 311, 313, 314; small means produce no effect in elevating a peo- ple, 315.; effect on wages of the ownership of property by the wages class, 318; women as artisans, 379; Some Unsettled Questions of Politi- cal Economy, the economic man, 174, 175; The Fortnightly Review, wage fund doctrine, 139, 140. Mining, accidents in, to be considered in computing the wages paid, 36n.; sulphur, in Italy, paymentof wages, 21. Mobility of labor essential to competi- tion, 163; actual mobility of labor, chap. xi.; interference by law with, 307-9; (see chaps. xviii., xix., pas- sim); diminished in the case of wo- men by physiological causes, and by their failure to receive the support of public opinion, 377-8. Money, the purchase-power of, affect- ing nominal wages, 13. Morris, O'Connor, religious differ- ences in Ireland, 369. Muggeridge, Mr., immobility of Eng- lish labor, 185; testimony respect- ing frame-rents, 334, 335. Mulholland, John, comparative cost of clothing from cotton and from flax, 122n.
Mundella, A. J., superior efficiency of North of England laborers, 47.
Napier and Ettrick, Lord, intellectual relations of England and America, 142n.
Nationality, affecting the efficiency of labor, 43-6.
Necessary Wages," the doctrine of, chap. vii.
Neison, Dr., statistics of mortality in various trades, 37. Netherlands, the food of the laboring population of, 56; habits respecting dwellings, 118n.; proportion of for- eigners, 184; marriage statistics, 356; absence of factory legislation, 362; strikes but little known, 395; trade clubs, 402.
New England, food habits of the peo- ple, 123, 124.
Newmarch, Wm., factory legislation, 359.
Newman, F. W., Lectures on Political Economy, 158n.
Nicholls, Sir George, History of the English Poor Laws, 321.
Nominal distinguished from real wages, 12; causes which produce the divergence, 13 et seq.
Nominal distinguished from real cost of labor, 40; causes which produce the divergence, 41 et seq. Normandie, M., report on savings banks in Europe, 350. Northcote, Sir Stafford, real distin- guished from nominal wages, 38, 39. Norway, marriage statistics, 356; strikes, 396.
Norwegians in the United States, 182.
Occupation, change of, frequent ne- cessity for, 178; Adam Smith's view, 192, 193; Prof. Cairnes' view, 193; his theory of "Non-Competing Groups," 195-202;change of occupa- tion formerly forbidden or restricted by law in England, 306, 307; women, by 37 Edward III., allowed to inter- change trades, 379n.; access to trades restricted by "union" regulations, 403, 404.
Ollivier, M., the act (France) of May 25, 1864, 394.
Opinion, public, influential in deter- mining wages, 362-69; in determin- ing rents, 369–72.
Organization of industry conducing to efficiency, 67–72.
Painting, house, irregularity of em- ployment in, 28, 32. Pakenham, Mr., the food of Belgian laborers, 56n.
Palgrave, Consul, good work not ap- preciated in Anatolia, 60n. Palmer, C. M., the removal of labor- ers, 346.
Paper money, changes in circulation affecting nominal wages, 14; of the American Revolution, 16; fluctua-
tions in paper money placing the wages class at a disadvantage, 310-3. Parsimony of employers opposed to true economy, 58, 59, 164. Payment of wages, variety in form of, 19; payments in kind, 324-7. Paupers in England in 1833 better fed than independent laborers, 57; labor- ers, once become paupers, seldom recover tone, 88; English laws of pauper settlement, 308, 309. Peasant proprietorship of land, 5, 9, 207-9, 243.
Pennant, Th., Tour in Scotland, 324. Perry, A. L., Political Economy, 138,
139, 143; The Financier, 81, 82, 253. Peto, Sir M., testimony respecting truck, 329.
Petre, Mr., payment of agricultural wages in Prussia, 20n.; the practice of "wandering" in manual trades in Germany, 187n.
Phipps, Mr., married women but little employed in factories in Würtem- berg, 383n.
Piece-work, how to compute the wages of, 13n.
Pig, permission to keep, 23; formerly paying the rent in Ireland, 24. Political Economy, the orthodox, 155⚫ the a priori school, 175. Poor Laws, English, 308, 309; effect on wage labor, 319-22. Population, Malthus' law of, chap. vi Porter, G. R., The Progress of the
Nation, 12; Statistical Journal, 350. Potato, the, its use as the sole article of food, 121-4.
Poverty the curse of the poor, 166. Prices and Wages, 13; differences in
local prices introduce great complex- ity into computations of wages, 17. Production furnishes the measure of wages, chap. viii.; continuity of, the employer's interest in, 298, 299. Profits, certain classes of laborers paid from profits, not from revenue, 9; profits, the object in giving employ- ment, 128-30, 291; the expectation of profits the test of wage labor, 216, the term made by some economists to include the wages of supervision and management, 10; in this treatise it signifies the gains of the employer, aside from the returns of capital, 230; are excessive profits restored to wages? 237-9; are profits at the minimum? 252-61; rates of profit, 268.
"Protective" Tariffs supported by ar-
guments which confound wages and the cost of labor, 41. Prussia, relative expenditure of differ- ent classes for food, clothing, etc., 117.; factory legislation, 360, 361;
women in agriculture, 380n.; strikes,. 395n.; trades unions and friendly societies, 402.
Purdy, Fred'k, payment of wages in Wales, 20n.; in England, 21n.; har- vest wages in Ireland, 26.; irregu- larity of agricultural wages, 27n.; substitution of corn-meal for the potato in Ireland, 120n.; difference in local agricultural wages, 186n.; division of the annual product of land in England, 269n.; cider and beer payments in English agriculture, 327; women in agriculture, 380n.
Quarrying, irregularity of employment in, 28.
Quetelet, A., statistics of height and weight, 50, 51.
Real, distinguished from nominal wages, 12.
Real, distinguished from nominal cost of labor, 40.
Rent, in part payment of wages, 21: Ricardo's theory of rent, 224, 225; the term only used in this treatise of sums paid for land actually leased, 225, 226; rates of rent influenced greatly by public opinion, 367-72; rental of machines, 332-5 Report (House of Commons), Employ-
ment of women and children in agri- culture, 20., 22, 24, 47, 52, 53, 72, 176n.; 201, 202, 382n.; Friendly So- cieties (1874), 403; Railway laborers (1846), 176, 329; Poor Law Com- missioners (1831), 322n.; (1832), 322n.; (1833), 57, 86n.; (1842), 34, 37, 62, 64, 85; stoppage of wages, 1867; Payment of Wages Bill (1854), 21n.; 255n., 256n., 329; to Local Govern- ment Board (1873), 52, 69, 378n. Respect and sympathy for labor, influ- ential in determining wages, 362-72; wanting in the case of women as la- borers, 383, 384.
Retail trade, failure of competition in, 311-5.
Returns of capital, the term how used in this treatise, 225, 231, 232. Revenue, certain classes of laborers paid from the revenue of their em- ployer, and not from profits, 9. Ricardo, David, his theory of rent, 224n.; definition of the banking func- tion, 228.
Richard II. (England), industrial legislation of his reign, 305, 307; insurrection of the serfs, 390. Rickards, Prof., the doctrine of Mal- thus, 195.
Riesbach, Baron, habits respecting dress of North and South Germans, 117.
Rogers, J. E. Thorold, Political Econ- omy, 66; increased productiveness of English agriculture, 95n.; cheap food undesirable, 121; effects of fashion on manufacturing industry, 179n.; popular tenure of the soil, 211n.; profits-interest, 231n., 233; co-operation defined, 267n.; the English law of pauper settlement, 308; competition in retail trade, 315; frugality of Cumberland and West- moreland peasantry, 347; rents in England, 368; the condition of the Irish peasantry before the famine, 370n.; History of Agriculture and Prices in England, freedom of labor movement, 13th to 15th century, 187n.; peasantry divorced from the soil, 222, 223; industrial legislation following the Black Death, 304; wo- men in trades, 379; the servile insur- rection, 390; Cobden and Political Opinion, the incidence of taxation, 316; rents in England influenced by public opinion, 367; Notes to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, 317. Rose, Edwin, superiority of English labor, 43, 68.
Rumford, Count, Essays, 166n. Russia, holidays in, 29; inefficiency of labor, 43; irregularity in factory attendance, 48n.; feebleness of the industrial desires of the peasantry, 127n.; mobility of the laboring population, 180; peasant proprietor- ship increasing, 209; savings banks statistics, 350n. ; absence of factory legislation, 362; value of serfs before emancipation, 373; women in agriculture, 379n.; strikes, 396; artels," 403.
Ryot tenancy, 9, 212.
Salary or stipend class, not wage- laborers, 215, 247, 296n. Sanitary Commission of the U. S., Statistical Memoirs, 51. Savings banks statistics, 347, 349, 350.
Say, J. B., 166, 167n. Scotland, payment of agricultural wages in, 20; efficiency of labor, 47; statistics of height, 50; former indolence of the population, 76; food habits of the people, 118, 120n.; speech differences among the population affecting the mobility of labor, 175n.; proportion of bread- winners to dependents, 191; tenure of land, 208; marriage statistics, 356, 381n.; women in agriculture, 381n. Scott, H. B. M. Consul, expenditures of different classes in Würtemburg, 118n.; women in manufacturing industry, 383n.
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