Board, to agricultural laborers, 20, 21.
Bodio, Louis, Casse di Risparmio, 350.
Bonar, Mr., relation of employers and
laborers in Switzerland, 260n.
Boot and shoe manufacture, irregu-
larity of employment in, 30; intro-
duction of machinery into, 189.
Brabazon, Lord, payment of agricul-
tural wages in France, 20n.; food
of the laboring population, 56n., 78;
town and country rents, 118n.;
wages of women and men in agricul-
ture, 375n., 380n.
Brassey, Thomas, Work and Wages,
efficiency of labor among various
nationalities, 45, 46, 72; diet of
East Indians, 118n.; payment of
wages to French laborers, 350n.;
women in railway construction,
374n.; Address at Halifax, 277-278.
Bread winners, ratio to dependents,
126n., 191.

Brewster, Messrs., co-operative enter-
prise, 283n.

Briggs, Messrs., co-operative enter-
prise, 282.

Brickmaking, irregularity of employ-
ment in, 28; employment of women
and children in, 52, 202.
Brittany, low stature of peasantry of,
50; language of, 175n.

Britton, J. W., co-operative enterprise,
283n.

Cairnes, J. E., Essays in Political
Economy, effects of the gold dis-
coveries on prices, 14n.; the doc-
trine of laissez faire, 162n, 168, 173;
insufficiency of the employers' sense
of self-interest, 164; The Slave Pow-
er, inefficiency of slave labor, 72;
The Logical Method of Political
Economy, (Ed. 1875) the law of dim-
inishing returns in agriculture, 94n.
100n; ratio between population and
subsistence, 119; the office of econo-
mic definition, 218; Some Leading
Principles of Political Economy,
etc., 137n., 184; theory of "non-
competing groups," 195-7; profits
the reward of abstinence, 231;
profits at or near the minimum,
233; excessive profits restored to
wages, 237, 238, 253; co-operation,
264-265; are strikes successful?
298n.; excessive friction of retail
trade, 314, 315.

Caird, James, dwellings in Scotland,
61; Prairie Farming, 91n.;
Canada, efficiency of labor in, 45.
Cantillon, M., ratio of breadwinners
to dependents, 126n.

Capital, often supplied by the persons
who perform labor in production,
does not furnish the measure of

8;

18*

wages,; 130, 131; yet wages are
largely advanced out of capital;
does capital include land? 224-5;
are the returns of capital at the
minimum or not? 233, 237; does it
make any difference to the wages
class whether the returns of capital
are at the minimum or not? 237-41.
Capitalist class, the, chap. xiii. ; not
coincident with employing class,
229, 244, 245; dependent equally
with the laboring class, on the em-
ploying class, 290, 291.

Carey, H. C., Essay on Wages, 141,
382n.

Carpentering trade, irregularity of
employment in, 28, 32.

Carpenters, the Amalgamated Socie-
ty of, 399.

Catholic countries, holidays in, 29;
priesthood, influence in favor of
early marriages, 356n.

Census, United States, 1870, 66, 180,
375; Ireland, 1851, 111; Scotland,
1871, 175n., 191, 377.

Chadwick, Edwin, cost of rearing a
child, 332.; employers prefer high-
priced labor, 41n.; effects of drill
upon laborers; 72; difficulty of re-
moving laborers, 185, 257; effects
of education upon the condition of
the laboring class, 353.
Chalmers, Thomas, Political Econo-
my, 322.

Chamberlain, E. M., Sovereigns of In-
dustry, 288n.

"Channel Islands," the, tenure of
land in, 208.

Charles II. (England), industrial legis-
lation of his reign, 308.
Chateaubriand, M., wages a later form
of slavery, 295.
Cherbuliez, A. E., Précis de la Science
Economique, 131.
Cheerfulness in labor, 72-77.
Chevalier, M., Lectures, 99, 105n. 156,
170; Travels in the United States,
180n.

Children, irregularity of their employ-
ment in agriculture, 33; employed
on work unsuited to their strength,
52, 53, 167, 168, 201-3; legislation
respecting the employment of, 356-
62.

China, food habits of the people, 118;
immobility of the population, 176.
China scourers, excessive mortality
among, 37.

Cider truck, 23, 327.

Cleanliness of person, affecting efficien-
cy of labor, 60, 61.

Clerical profession, duration of life in,
37.

Clifford, Frederick, The Agricultural
Lock-out of 1874, 47n., 117, 118n.

Edward IV., law against truck, 326.
Edward VI., pauper legislation, 307,
320.

Egerton, H. B. M. Consul, inefficiency
of Russian labor, 44; irregularity of
factory attendance, 48; feebleness
of the industrial desires of the Rus-
sian peasantry, 127n.; no factory
legislation in Russia, 362; strikes in
Russia, 396; "artels," 403.
Elizabeth, Queen, industrial legislation
of her reign, 306, 307, 320.
Emigration of artisans from Great Bri-
tain forbidden by law prior to 1824,
307.
Employers of labor sometimes working
at their trades, or personally super-
vising the laborers, 10; the sense of
their self-interest not always suffi-
cient, 59, 60, 164; profits their ob-
ject in production, 129, 130; em-
ployers a distinct industrial class,
227, 228; not necessarily capitalists,
228, 229; under imperfect competi-
tion employers are not the guardians
of the laborers' interests, 239, 240,
358; the employer the master of the
situation, 290, 291; incapable em-
ployers live at the expense of the
laboring class, 254-6; employers
stimulated by increased competition
on the side of the laboring class,
256-8; paid in some degree in honor
and social distinction, 259; said by
Adam Smith to be always in combi-
nation to lower wages, 393.
Employing class, the, chap. xiv. ; to
be distinguished from the capitalist
class, 244, 245; a false employing
class, 247-50; characteristics of the
true employing class, 251, 252; this
class in Switzerland, 259, 260; it is
the object of co-operation to get rid
of the employing class, 262-8; has
either the employed or employing
class an economical advantage over
the other? chap. xvi.

Employed, the, none others belong to
the wages class, 206, 207; the dis-
tinction between the employed and
the non-employed the greatest struc-
tural fact of industrial society, 221.
Employment, the question of, is the
true wages question, 269, 270, 290,
291; regularity of, affecting real
wages, 26-33; continuity of, the em-
ployers' interest in, 300-2.
England, payment of agricultural
wages, 20; duration of laboring
power, 34, 35; efficiency of labor
compared with that of India, 42; of
various European countries, 43-6;
north and south of England, relative
efficiency of labor of, 47; statistics
of height and weight, 50, 51; food

of laborers, 54; degradation of the
laboring population, how effected,
82-4; food habits of the people,
118, 120, 124n.; ratio of breadwin-
ners to dependents, 126n.; rise of
the wages-fund doctrine, 140; the
peasantry divorced from the soil,
208, 211n.; effect on agriculture of
the repeal of the corn laws, 258;
co-operation in England, 272, 273,
282, 286, 287; laws in restraint of la-
bor, 304-9; poor laws, 319-24; mar-
riage statistics,. 356, 381n.; factory
laws, 359, 560; rents influenced by
public opinion, 367; legislation
against strikes and combinations,
392, 393; friendly societies, 403.
Engel, Dr., relative expenditure of
families on food, clothing, etc., 116,
117.

Entrepreneur, the, (see Employing
Class).

Erle, Sir Wm., the law of strikes,
393; report of his commission on
Trade Unions, 399, 406.
Exchange of Wealth defined, 4; illus-
trated, 5, 6.

Exchange of distributed for undis-
tributed wealth, its effect on wages,
6, 219, 22).

Factory legislation in England op-
posed by political economists, 162
its economical justification, 167, 175;
its history in Europe, 356-63.
Faithfull, Miss, public opinion un-
friendly to female labor, 384.
Famine, restricting population, 111,
112; periodical in India, 118n.; Irish
famine of 1846-7, 121.
Farmer, the American, 5, 9, 227.
Fashion, changes in, working import-
ant effects on industry, 178-179.
Fawcett, Henry, Political Economy
(McMillan, 1885), the Allotment sys-
tem, 25n.; food of the laborers of
the West of England, 56; wages are
to be increased at the expense of
profits, 57n., 233, 234; equivalency
of subsistence and wages, 133n.;
differences in local wages in England,
187; transfer of labor from agricul-
ture to manufactures, 204; co-opera-
tion in agriculture, 281; strikes some-
times successful, 389. The Econom-
ic Position of the British Laborer,
laboring class insufficiently clothed,
58; statement of the wage-fund
doctrine, 139; Speeches, truck, 336;
opposition to the extension of female
labor, 377. 378n.; Daily News, con-
dition of agricultural laborers near
Salisbury, 346.

Ffrench, Mr., higgling in Spanish retail
trade, 315n.