Babbage, Charles, Economy of Man- ufactures, 98, 257, 279n., 280n., 282n.
Adams, John, the paper money of the | Avarice, in masters and employers, American Revolution, 16. opposes true self-interest, 59, Agricultural wages paid largely in 164. kind, 20-4; agricultural laborers in England crippled early by rheuma- tism, 38; agricultural truck not for- bidden in England, 327. Agriculture, great irregularity of em- ployment in, 27, 28, 32, 33; law of "Diminishing Returns" in, chap. v.; difficulty of applying co-operation to, 280, 281.
Air, purity of the, affecting the effi- ciency of labor, 60-4, Alison, Sir Archibald, History of Europe, 54, 75n., 118n., 133n., 180n., 268n., 317, 318, 355, 397n.; (Report on the Payment of Wages Bill, 1854), testimony respecting truck, 331-333.
Allotment system, the, 25.
Ames, Dr., Sex in Industry, 373. Annuities, mistake of the British Government respecting sale of, 400,
Applegarth, William, objects and methods of the Amalgamated Soci- ety of Carpenters, 399. Apprentices, statute of (England), 306, 307.
Apprenticeship made the condition of entrance to many trades by union regulations, 403–5. Arbitration, 394.
Argyle, Duke of, famine in India, 118n.; necessity for restrictions upon labor, 357.
Arithmetical increase of subsistence, 102.
Ashworth, Mr., comparative cost of clothing from cotton, wool, and flax, 122n.
Austria, co-operation in, 288; restric- tions upon industry, 309, 310; marriage statistics, 356; factory legislation, 360; strikes, 395.
Bagehot, Walter, varying efficiency of labor, 47; Lombard Street, 230. Baines, Mr., improvidence of the cottage population of Leeds, 350n.
Baker, R. Smith, false economy of the labor of married women in fac- tories, 382n.
Bastiat, Fred'k., Harmonies of Polit- cal Economy, 159n. Batbie, M., Nouveau Cours de l'Écon- omie, 44n., 49n., 54, 65.
Baxter, R. Dudley, National Income, 30n., 31, 32, 38, 375n.; Local Taxa- tion, 323.
Bazley, Sir Thomas, accidents in mining in England, 36n. Beaulieu, M., Les Populations Ouv- rières, 78.
Belgium, statistics of height and weight, 50, 51; intemperance in, 78n.; ratio of bread-winners to de- pendents, 126n.; proportion of for- eigners in the population, 184; co-op- eration in, 287; marriage statistics of, 356; no factory legislation in, 361; laws against strikes and com- binations in, 395.
Beverley, Mr., marriages early in India, 356n.
Biggs, Wm., testimony respecting frame rents, 334. Birth-rate, within different occupa- tions, 191; effect of injudicious poor laws upon, 322, 323.
Black Death," the, industrial conse- quences of, 304. Blanqui, M., Cours d'Économie In- dustrielle, 59n. 274n.
Board, to agricultural laborers, 20, 21. Bodio, Louis, Casse di Risparmio, 350. Bonar, Mr., relation of employers and laborers in Switzerland, 260n. Boot and shoe manufacture, irregu- larity of employment in, 30; intro- duction of machinery into, 189. Brabazon, Lord, payment of agricul- tural wages in France, 20n.; food of the laboring population, 56n., 78; town and country rents, 118n.; wages of women and men in agricul- ture, 375n., 380n. Brassey, Thomas, Work and Wages, efficiency of labor among various nationalities, 45, 46, 72; diet of East Indians, 118n.; payment of wages to French laborers, 350n.; women in railway construction, 374n.; Address at Halifax, 277-278. Bread winners, ratio to dependents, 126n., 191.
Brewster, Messrs., co-operative enter- prise, 283n.
Briggs, Messrs., co-operative enter- prise, 282.
Brickmaking, irregularity of employ- ment in, 28; employment of women and children in, 52, 202. Brittany, low stature of peasantry of, 50; language of, 175n.
Britton, J. W., co-operative enterprise, 283n.
Cairnes, J. E., Essays in Political Economy, effects of the gold dis- coveries on prices, 14n.; the doc- trine of laissez faire, 162n, 168, 173; insufficiency of the employers' sense of self-interest, 164; The Slave Pow- er, inefficiency of slave labor, 72; The Logical Method of Political Economy, (Ed. 1875) the law of dim- inishing returns in agriculture, 94n. 100n; ratio between population and subsistence, 119; the office of econo- mic definition, 218; Some Leading Principles of Political Economy, etc., 137n., 184; theory of "non- competing groups," 195-7; profits the reward of abstinence, 231; profits at or near the minimum, 233; excessive profits restored to wages, 237, 238, 253; co-operation, 264-265; are strikes successful? 298n.; excessive friction of retail trade, 314, 315.
Caird, James, dwellings in Scotland, 61; Prairie Farming, 91n.; Canada, efficiency of labor in, 45. Cantillon, M., ratio of breadwinners to dependents, 126n.
Capital, often supplied by the persons who perform labor in production, does not furnish the measure of
wages,; 130, 131; yet wages are largely advanced out of capital; does capital include land? 224-5; are the returns of capital at the minimum or not? 233, 237; does it make any difference to the wages class whether the returns of capital are at the minimum or not? 237-41. Capitalist class, the, chap. xiii. ; not coincident with employing class, 229, 244, 245; dependent equally with the laboring class, on the em- ploying class, 290, 291.
Carey, H. C., Essay on Wages, 141, 382n.
Carpentering trade, irregularity of employment in, 28, 32.
Carpenters, the Amalgamated Socie- ty of, 399.
Catholic countries, holidays in, 29; priesthood, influence in favor of early marriages, 356n.
Census, United States, 1870, 66, 180, 375; Ireland, 1851, 111; Scotland, 1871, 175n., 191, 377.
Chadwick, Edwin, cost of rearing a child, 332.; employers prefer high- priced labor, 41n.; effects of drill upon laborers; 72; difficulty of re- moving laborers, 185, 257; effects of education upon the condition of the laboring class, 353. Chalmers, Thomas, Political Econo- my, 322.
Chamberlain, E. M., Sovereigns of In- dustry, 288n.
"Channel Islands," the, tenure of land in, 208.
Charles II. (England), industrial legis- lation of his reign, 308. Chateaubriand, M., wages a later form of slavery, 295. Cherbuliez, A. E., Précis de la Science Economique, 131. Cheerfulness in labor, 72-77. Chevalier, M., Lectures, 99, 105n. 156, 170; Travels in the United States, 180n.
Children, irregularity of their employ- ment in agriculture, 33; employed on work unsuited to their strength, 52, 53, 167, 168, 201-3; legislation respecting the employment of, 356- 62.
China, food habits of the people, 118; immobility of the population, 176. China scourers, excessive mortality among, 37.
Cider truck, 23, 327.
Cleanliness of person, affecting efficien- cy of labor, 60, 61.
Clerical profession, duration of life in, 37.
Clifford, Frederick, The Agricultural Lock-out of 1874, 47n., 117, 118n.
Clipperton, Consul, speech differences | among population of France, 175n. Clothing, its importance to the effi- ciency of the laborer, 58; relative expenditure of different classes for, 117.; is cheap clothing desirable? 122; comparative cost of clothing from cotton, wool, and flax, 122n. Coinage, changes in, affecting nominal wages, 13
Cobden, R., English peasantry di- vorced from the soil, 208n. Colwell, Stephen, Ways and Means of Payment, 13n. Competition, when perfect, secures an absolutely right distribution of wealth, 157; imperfect or unequal competition may depress and de- grade the laboring class, 165, 166, 220, 221,239-41, 368n, 385, 386; Prof. Cairnes' theory of "Non-competing Groups," 195, 202, 221, 222; compe- tition opposed by the force of cus- tom, 311.
Communal property in Switzerland, 351.
Consumption of wealth defined, 4. Consumptive co-operation, 283-8. Co-operation, defined, 247; erroneous characterization of, by Prof. Cairnes, 262-5; its real object is to get rid of the employing class, 265-8; antici- pated advantages of, 268-72; its lim- ited success, 272-75; its difficulties, 275-80; applied to agriculture, 281; partial co-operation, 282-3; consump- tive co-operation subject to fewer difficulties, 283-4; anticipated ad- vantages of, 284-6; statistics of, 287-8.
Continuity of employment, the em- ployer's interest in, 300-2 Continuity of production, the employ- er's interest in, 298-9.
Corn Laws, repeal of, effect on English agriculture, 258.
Corsica, annual migration into, from France, 187n. Cotter tenancy, 9, 212.
Cotton manufacture, irregularity of employment in, 30.
Cotton goods, cost of, compared with woollens, 122n.
Courcelle-Seneuil, M., Opérations de Banque, 252.
Cowell, Mr., effect of English poor laws on female chastity, 322. Cow-land, concession of, 23; profits estimated, 24.
Coxe, Wm., Travels, the bearing of the Swiss peasantry, 260. Cranworth, Lord, strikes always futile, 388. Crowe, H. B. M. Consul - General, strikes in Norway, 396.
Currency, fictitious, effects upon wage labor, 310-3.
Custom, its office in protecting the weaker classes against unequal com- petition, 311.
Darwin, Charles, The Origin of Spe- cies, 104.
Debts, small: shall they be protect- ed by law? 350n. Definitions in political economy, 218. Degradation of labor, the, chap. IV. Denmark, proportion of foreigners in the population, 184; co-operation in, 287, 288; restrictions upon industry removed, 309; savings-banks sta- tistics, 350n.; strikes, 396; trade clubs, 402.
Dependents, ratio to breadwinners, 126n. 191.
Devon, Lord, his commission on the condition of Ireland, 370.
Diffusion theory of taxation, 160, 316-8. Diminishing Returns" in agriculture, law of, chap. v.: does not apply to mechanical industry, 98; affecting wages, 150. Distribution of wealth defined, 4; il- lustrated, 5, 6; in treating the ques- tions of distribution we have to do with industrial classes, not func- tions, 7; the problem of distribution, chap. x.; deemed by Chevalier less important and difficult than the problem of production, 156. Distributed exchanged for undistri- buted wealth, the effect on wages, 219-223.
Division of labor always a source of mechanical advantage, 90, 95; up to a certain point tends to increase agri- cultural wages, 147-9.
Ducarre, M., Salaires et Rapports
entre Ouvriers et Patrons (1875), 87, 187n., 274, 309n., 341n., 394n. Dupin, M., his researches into French industry, 47.
Dusty Trades," mortality of, 36. Dwellings, laborers', often unfit for habitation, 61-4; effects of unsani- tary and inadequate habitation on the moral elements of industry, 86; proportional expenditure of different classes on lodging, 117.
Earnings, extra, in trades, 24, 25; harvest, in agriculture, 26n. Eden, Sir F. M., History of the Poor, 347n.
Education, influence on efficiency of
labor, 65-7; relative expenditure of different classes, for, 117n.; loss of wages involved in, 123. Edward III., industrial legislation of 1 his reign, 304, 305, 307, 379.
Edward IV., law against truck, 326. Edward VI., pauper legislation, 307, 320.
Egerton, H. B. M. Consul, inefficiency of Russian labor, 44; irregularity of factory attendance, 48; feebleness of the industrial desires of the Rus- sian peasantry, 127n.; no factory legislation in Russia, 362; strikes in Russia, 396; "artels," 403. Elizabeth, Queen, industrial legislation of her reign, 306, 307, 320. Emigration of artisans from Great Bri- tain forbidden by law prior to 1824, 307. Employers of labor sometimes working at their trades, or personally super- vising the laborers, 10; the sense of their self-interest not always suffi- cient, 59, 60, 164; profits their ob- ject in production, 129, 130; em- ployers a distinct industrial class, 227, 228; not necessarily capitalists, 228, 229; under imperfect competi- tion employers are not the guardians of the laborers' interests, 239, 240, 358; the employer the master of the situation, 290, 291; incapable em- ployers live at the expense of the laboring class, 254-6; employers stimulated by increased competition on the side of the laboring class, 256-8; paid in some degree in honor and social distinction, 259; said by Adam Smith to be always in combi- nation to lower wages, 393. Employing class, the, chap. xiv. ; to be distinguished from the capitalist class, 244, 245; a false employing class, 247-50; characteristics of the true employing class, 251, 252; this class in Switzerland, 259, 260; it is the object of co-operation to get rid of the employing class, 262-8; has either the employed or employing class an economical advantage over the other? chap. xvi.
Employed, the, none others belong to the wages class, 206, 207; the dis- tinction between the employed and the non-employed the greatest struc- tural fact of industrial society, 221. Employment, the question of, is the true wages question, 269, 270, 290, 291; regularity of, affecting real wages, 26-33; continuity of, the em- ployers' interest in, 300-2. England, payment of agricultural wages, 20; duration of laboring power, 34, 35; efficiency of labor compared with that of India, 42; of various European countries, 43-6; north and south of England, relative efficiency of labor of, 47; statistics of height and weight, 50, 51; food
of laborers, 54; degradation of the laboring population, how effected, 82-4; food habits of the people, 118, 120, 124n.; ratio of breadwin- ners to dependents, 126n.; rise of the wages-fund doctrine, 140; the peasantry divorced from the soil, 208, 211n.; effect on agriculture of the repeal of the corn laws, 258; co-operation in England, 272, 273, 282, 286, 287; laws in restraint of la- bor, 304-9; poor laws, 319-24; mar- riage statistics,. 356, 381n.; factory laws, 359, 560; rents influenced by public opinion, 367; legislation against strikes and combinations, 392, 393; friendly societies, 403. Engel, Dr., relative expenditure of families on food, clothing, etc., 116, 117.
Entrepreneur, the, (see Employing Class).
Erle, Sir Wm., the law of strikes, 393; report of his commission on Trade Unions, 399, 406. Exchange of Wealth defined, 4; illus- trated, 5, 6.
Exchange of distributed for undis- tributed wealth, its effect on wages, 6, 219, 22).
Factory legislation in England op- posed by political economists, 162 its economical justification, 167, 175; its history in Europe, 356-63. Faithfull, Miss, public opinion un- friendly to female labor, 384. Famine, restricting population, 111, 112; periodical in India, 118n.; Irish famine of 1846-7, 121. Farmer, the American, 5, 9, 227. Fashion, changes in, working import- ant effects on industry, 178-179. Fawcett, Henry, Political Economy (McMillan, 1885), the Allotment sys- tem, 25n.; food of the laborers of the West of England, 56; wages are to be increased at the expense of profits, 57n., 233, 234; equivalency of subsistence and wages, 133n.; differences in local wages in England, 187; transfer of labor from agricul- ture to manufactures, 204; co-opera- tion in agriculture, 281; strikes some- times successful, 389. The Econom- ic Position of the British Laborer, laboring class insufficiently clothed, 58; statement of the wage-fund doctrine, 139; Speeches, truck, 336; opposition to the extension of female labor, 377. 378n.; Daily News, con- dition of agricultural laborers near Salisbury, 346.
Ffrench, Mr., higgling in Spanish retail trade, 315n.
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