CHAPTER I. Rise of the Christian Schools.

ST. MARK at Alexandria. The canonical life of the Clergy gives rise to

the foundation of the Episcopal schools. The school of the Patriarchium at

Rome. Decrees of early Councils regarding the education of the Clergy.

Catechetical schools. The public schools of the Empire, and their distinctive

character,The Christian method of education, as explained by St. Basil and

St. Augustine. The Monks of the Desert, and the first germ of monastic

schools. The rules of St. Pachomius, St. Cæsarius, and St. Leander of Seville.

Domestic education among the early Christians. The destruction of the

Imperial schools on the fall of the Empire. General decay of letters. Some

degree of learning survives in the ecclesiastical schools. The schools of Gaul

in the fifth century. Boethius and Cassiodorus. The academy of Toulouse.

The seminaries of Tours and Lerins

CHAPTER II. Schools of Britain and Ireland.

PAGE I

Mission of St. Ninian. St. Germanus and St. Lupus in Britain. Colleges

established by them. The rule of St. David. St. Palladius in North Britain.

St. Kentigern at Glasgow, and Llan-Elwy. St. Cadoc and St. Gildas. Early

history of St. Patrick. His arrival in Ireland. Rapid extension of schools

and monasteries in that Island. Aran of the Saints. Clonard. St. Finian,

St. Kieran, and St. Columba. St. Kieran founds the monastery of Cluain

Macnois. St. Fintan at Cluain-Ednech. St. Comgall the founder of Benchor.

Scholars of Benchor : St. Columbanus, and St. Luanus. St. Luanus the

founder of Clonfert. The Voyage of St. Brendan. St. Carthag the founder

of Lismore. Character of the Irish learning. The labours of the Irish

Scholars in foreign countries; in France, Italy, Germany, and Iceland. Iona

and its scholars

CHAPTER III. Anglo-Saxon Schools.

48

State of Europe at the beginning of the sixth century. St. Gregory the Great.
The mission of St. Augustine. The first English library. St. Augustine's

monastery at Canterbury. The schools of Lindisfarne and Ripon. Arch-

bishop Theodore and Abbot Adrian. The school of Canterbury and its

scholars. St. Aldhelm, and a sketch of his school studies. St. Bennet

Biscop founds his two monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. His collection

of books and pictures. The manner of life in these monasteries. The Ve-

nerable Bede: a sketch of his life and learning. His scientific writings. The.

grammatical formation of modern languages mainly the work of the monastic

scholars. St. Bede's labours on the formation of English. His death. The

school of York under Archbishops Egbert and Albert. Alcuin receives his

education here. Its noble library. Manner in which the Bishops perso-

nally directed the studies of their young clergy. Danish invasions, and ruin

of the Anglo-Saxon schools. Destruction of Lindisfarne

PAGE 82

CHAPTER IV. St. Boniface and his Companions.

Birth of St. Boniface. His early monastic life. The English missions in

Friesland. St. Wilibrord. St. Boniface passes over into Germany. Story

of St. Gregory of Utrecht. The canonical life of the Clergy established

among the Missionaries. Episcopal monasteries and schools. St. Luidger:

his childhood and his monastic foundations. Virgil, Bishop of Salzburg, and

his supposed errors, and condemnation by Pope Zachary. Schools founded

by St. Boniface. Letters from him and St. Lullus to English friends. Cor-

respondence between Boniface and the Abbess Edburga. The nuns of Wim-

bourne and their learned pursuits. St. Lioba's first letter to St. Boniface.

Her Latin verses. New foundations in Germany. St. Sturm. The great

foundation of Fulda. St. Boniface sends to England for some nuns. St.

Walburga and St. Lioba cross over to Germany. The studies of St. Lioba.

Reform of the Frankish Church by St. Boniface. He is appointed Papal

Vicar. His interest in the state of religion in England. The Council of

Cloveshoe, and its decrees on the subject of education.

Boniface

Martyrdom of St.

130

CHAPTER V. Alcuin and Charlemagne.

Decay of letters and Church discipline in Gaul under the Merovingian dynasty.

Prospects of a reform under Pepin. St. Chrodegang of Metz. Accession

of Charlemagne. His early teachers: Paul Warnefrid, St. Paulinus of

Aquileja. Alcuin is invited over into France. Foundation of the Palatine

school. Nature of the studies introduced by Alcuin. They are chiefly

ecclesiastical. Proof, however, that classical studies were not entirely ne-

glected. Charlemagne's application to study of all kinds. His introduction

of the Roman chant. His attempts to perfect the Tudesque or German dia-

lect. Method of teaching of the Anglo-Saxon scholars. Their fondness for

dialogues and enigmas. Alcuin's correction of the liturgical books. Schools

of copyists founded in monasteries. Charlemagne's public schools. Proofs

that these were in every sense monastic schools. Difference between the ex-

terior and interior schools of the Benedictine monasteries. University of

Paris, properly so called, of far later date. Great men who took part in the

restoration of learning under Charlemagne : Theodulph of Orleans, Smarag-

dus, St. Benedict Anian, St. Adalhard. Alcuin at Tours. Clement and

Dungal. Death of Alcuin

161

CHAPTER VI. The Carlovingian Schools.

The great

A visit to Fulda. Rabanus and his

The Palatine school after the death of Alcuin. Scotus Erigena.

monastic schools. Rabanus Maurus.

scholars: Lupus of Ferrières, Walafrid Strabo, Otfried, &c.; their writings

and characters. Cultivation of the German vernacular by the Fulda scholars.

Troubles of Rabanus. He becomes Archbishop of Mentz. His controver-

sies with Scotus and Gotteschalk. Classical studies of Lupus of Ferrières,

Heiric, and Remigius of Auxerre. Remigius founds the schools of Paris.

Old Corby and its Scholasticus. St. Paschasius Radpert: his early educa-

tion. Importance attached to the study of music. St. Anscharius and New

Corby. Reichnau and St. Gall. Description of St. Gall. Its great mo-

nastic school: varieties of studies pursued there. Reichnau. Story of Meinrad.

General character of monastic studies examined and illustrated. The classics.

The study of the Scriptures

CHAPTER VII. King Alfred.

His restoration of learning

PAGE 200

CHAPTER VIII. St. Dunstan and his Companions.

266

Restoration of moñastic schools under St. Dunstan, St. Oswald, and St. Ethel-

wold. Foundation of Ramsey Abbey. Bridferth. Restoration of Croyland

by Turketul

288

Popular notions of the tenth century. Explanations of the causes of social dis-

order in that century. The break-up of Charlemagne's empire. Incursions

of Normans, Saracens, and Huns. Destruction of monasteries and their

schools. Concealment of books. Anecdotes of the time. The relics of

St. Evroult. Efforts made by the Popes and Bishops to preserve a know-

ledge of sacred letters. Heraclius of Liege. Fulk of Rheims attempts to

restore the monasteries. The foundation of Cluny. St. Odo and St.

Maieul. Stories from their lives, illustrating the state of learning at this

time. Abbo of Fleury and his travels in search of science. Restoration of

the abbey of Gorze. John of Gorze and his studies. Village schools existed

at this time
306

CHAPTER X. The Age of the Othos.

Prosperous state of Germany under her great emperors. The school of Utrecht,
the fashionable school of the German nobles. St. Bruno: his education and
after career.
Ratherius of Verona. The example of Bruno imitated by
other Bishops, who found and restore episcopal schools. Poppo of Wurtz-
burg. Sketch of some early masters. Wolfgang's school days. St. Udal-
ric of Augsburg. St. Bernward of Hildesheim. His early school days.
He becomes Bishop of Hildesheim, and restores the school. His disciples.
Story of Bennon of Misnia and his master Wigger. St. Meinwerc of Pader-

born. St. Adalbert of Prague. Anecdotes of these early schools, showing

the nature of their studies and discipline. The schoolmasters of St. Gall:

Notker, Radpert, Tutilo, and Ekkehard. Stories from their lives. Duchess

Hedwiga, and the Greek studies of St. Gall. Familiarity of school-boys

with their masters. Anecdotes. Amiable character of the monastic Scho-

lastici. The career of Gerbert. His science and his disciples. Hroswitha,

the nun of Gandersheim. Her Latin dramas. Guy of Arezzo
PAGE 343

CHAPTER XI. The Schools of Bec.

Close of the dark ages.

Change observable in the scholastic system.

First

Errors and charac

Vocation of Lanfranc. He

appearance of lay professors, who teach for gain. Character of the new

teachers. Berengarius, a pupil of Fulbert of Chartres.

ter of Berengarius. The foundation of Bec.

opposes Berengarius. St. Anselm, as scholasticus of Bec. Their influence

Abbot Ingulph of Croyland. Anecdotes of English

Encouragement of learning by Henry Beauclerk.

Odericus Vitalis

on learning in England.

monasteries at this time.

Athelhard of Bath.

CHAPTER XII.

The Rise of Scholasticism.

401

State of letters in Italy at the beginning of the twelfth century. Law schools of

Bologna, founded by Irnerius. Other Italian schools. St. Peter Damian,

scholasticus at Parma. His writings and poetry. The monastic masters

still eminent. Anecdotes of some of them. Revival of classical studies in

their schools at this time. Multiplication of books and libraries. Extraor

dinary activity of copyists. The libraries of Tegernsee and St. Emmeran's.

Othlonus and his studies. Customs of Cluny. Earliest known versions of

the Scripture in the vulgar tongue. Frequent mention at this period of con-

versions to religious life of learned men. St. Bruno, founder of the Carthu-

sians. Odo of Tournay. Stories of their lives. Odo's school and disciples.

The state of the school of Paris. Notice of its most celebrated masters.

Bernard of Chartres and his excellent system. Anselm of Laon. William

of Champeaux. Abelard and his career. Scholasticism. Origin of the sys-

tem of graduation. The school of St. Victor rises in opposition to the new

school of Scholastics. Character of its teaching. State of the schools as

exhibited in the life of John of Salisbury. The heretical bias of the new in-

dependent professors. Their neglect of classical studies, and exclusive pre-

ference given by them to logic. The Cornificians. Scholastic sophistries.

Distinction between scholastic philosophy of this period and scholastic theo-

logy. Peter Lombard, the real founder of the latter. Gradual rise of the

University of Paris

433

CHRISTIAN

SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS.

CHAPTER 1.

THE RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS.

IN the seventh year of the Emperor Nero, and the sixtieth of the Christian era, a little ship entered the harbour of Alexandria, and after rounding the great Pharos that stood at its northern extremity, cast anchor by that granite quay, round which was grouped, as in an amphitheatre, six miles in span, a city of palaces and temples. It bore on its decks one of whom that proud city as yet knew nothing, but who had come to erect his patriarchal throne in the midst of her sea-girt walls, bringing with him his Gospel and the sovereignty of St. Peter's keys. It was St. Mark, the interpreter and spiritual son of the Prince of the Apostles, sent in his name and by his authority to plant the Church in the southern capital of the Empire. Descending from the ship, and crossing the crowded quay overshadowed by its plane-trees, he made his way towards the great Moongate which opened into the street of the Seven Stadia. He was partially bald, and his hair and beard were sprinkled with grey hairs; but his beautiful eyes flashed beneath their high arched eyebrows, and there was a quickness in his step and a grace in his movements which bespoke him VOL. I.

B