"bounded on the North by the ocean; on "the West by the ocean and the Rhine; on "the South by the Mein; and on the East "by the Weser*," &c.

These, therefore, were the KEλto-Envlaι, οι Σκύθαι ύπερ την Γαλλίαν, the CELro-ScyTHIANS, or SCYTHIANS on the Northern confine of GAUL; that is, MAGOGUE in contiguity with (and afterwards the conquerors of) GOMER. "The nations of Gaul," says Mr. Gibbon, "were gradually con"founded under the name and government

of the FRANKS t." Thus, in effect, was the name name of Magogue rendered paramount in Gomer: and so great was the ascendancy which the new name obtained among the nations of Europe, that it came at length to be applied, by the modern Eastern nations, to all the Western people of that Continent, in the same manner as the name of Magogue had been applied of old, by the ancient nations of the East. “A name "of some German tribes between the Rhine

"Universal History," b. iv. c. 28, p. 372, 8ro.
"Hist. Rom. Empire," ch, xxxviii.

" and the Weser," observes the same historian, "had spread its victorious influence

over the greatest part of Gaul, Germany, ❝and Italy; and the common appellation "of FRANKS was applied by the Greeks "and Arabians to the Christians of the « Latin church, the nations of the West, who "stretched beyond their knowledge to the shores

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of the Atlantic Ocean*." Thus, in the name of FRANKS, the modern name for Scythe above Galatia, or Celto-Scytha, we detect a name corresponding directly to the Magogue of the Prophecy; as in the name of GAUL, the Galata of the Greeks, we detect the name which exclusively answers to that of GOMER.

In strict agreement with this interpretation, were the conjectures and persuasions of various ancient writers of eminence in both churches, Christian and Jewish. Eusebius applied the name of Magogue to the Celts, or Gauls; Ambrosius to the Goths; the author of the "Alexandrian Chronicle" to the Aquitani, or inhabitants of the South-west of Gaul ;

* Ibid: ch. liii.

and the Chaldean interpreter to the Germans: all looked for the MAGOGUE of Scripture in the West of Europe. The Scythe of Asia, who, as we have seen, were only a partial emigration, or reflux, from their ancient stock in Europe, cannot, with any soundness of criticism, be taken account of in this argument; and yet on these it is, that Michaelis has wasted the learned time and ingenuity which he has bestowed upon this subject.

With respect to TOGARMAH, the last invading nation named in the prediction, I shall content myself, in this place, with the general argument contained in the propo sition of that learned German, (reserving what I may deem necessary to observe concerning this name, for a note on the verse of the Prophecy in which it occurs): "If "Gomer denotes the Gauls, Togarmah "must denote some nation of the Gauls*.”

These, then, were the regions that were to supply the numerous and formidable armies,

* See note on Ezek. xxxviii. 6.

with which their arrogant and mighty LEADER, prophetically denominated GOGUE, was "to ascend as A CLOUD," threatening the general investment of Ros, Mosc, and TOBL.

VI. Let us now consider, with due attention, this name of GOGUE, in the Hebrew 11, and in the ancient Greek гr, prophetically assigned to THE LEADER of those armies.

It is plain, to every one acquainted with the power of those ancient letters, that this name ought to be pronounced with the o long, as in the words vogue, rogue, Hogue, and not short, as in fog, log, dog, as it is erroneously, though universally pronounced amongst us; and therefore, in order to convey its legitimate sound by the power of our own and some other modern alphabets, that it ought to be written, Gogue, as also, Magog should be written Magogue: in which forms I accordingly use these words.

There is no name in the Scriptures, which has more puzzled the Biblical critics than this of GOGUE. The depths of Hebrew etymology have been explored in vain, and

the versatile efforts of ingenuity in vain exerted, in the search of a mystical sense which might attach upon this name. It is true, that in 1 Chron. V. 4. we find the name Gog in our English Bible, as an Hebrew name, among the Reubenites; but the ancient Greek Interpreters teach us, that in that place it was properly enounced Goug, T8y, and not Gogue, Twy. But the name in Ezekiel's Prophecy is not an Hebrew, but a Gentile name; and Michaelis has therefore well remarked upon it, "that the origin of "a barbaric or foreign name, ought not "to be sought for in the Hebrew, nor in

any of its kindred tongues, as many have

erroneously done*." And no better success has attended those who have taken a more reasonable and practical course, and who have endeavoured to detect the region to which it properly appertains, by discovering some ancient nation in whose history the name may be found. Neither the name of

• "Barbarico nomini origo ex lingua Hebraica cique cognatis non quærenda, in quo plures errasse video." -Supplem. ad Lex. Heb. p. i. p. 276. 111, Gogue.