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139 Juftin writes his firft Apology for the Chriftians.

141 A number of herefies appear about this time.

152 The emperor Antoninus Pius ftops the perfecution against the Christians. 217 The Septuagint faid to be found in a cafk.

222 About this time the Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight. The Barbarians begin their irruptions, and the Goths have annual tribute not to moleft the empire.

260 Valerius is taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Perfia, and flayed alive.

274 Silk firft brought from India: the manufactory of it introduced into Europe by fome monks, 551; first worn by the clergy in England, 1534.

291 Two emperors, and two Cæfars, march to defend the four quarters of the empire. 306 Conftantine the Great begins his reign.

308 Cardinals first began.

313 The tenth perfecution ends by an edit of Conftantine, who favours the Chriftians, and gives full liberty to their religion.

314 Three bishops, or fathers, are fent from Britain to affift at the council of Arles. 325 The first general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended, against Arius, where was compofed the famous Nicene Creed, which we attribute to them.

328 Constantine removes the feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which is thenceforwards called Conftantinople.

331

orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed.

363 The Roman emperor Julian, furnamed the Apoftate, endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem.

364 The Roman empire is divided into the eaftern (Conftantinople the capital) and western (of which Rome continued to be the capital) each being now under the government of different emperors.

400 Bells invented by bifhop Paulinus, of Campagnia.

404 The kingdom of Caledonia, or Scotland, revives under Fergus.

406 The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, fpread into France and Spain, by a conceffion of Honorius, emperor of the Weft.

410 Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the Vifi-Goths.

412 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain.

420 The kingdom of France begins upon the Lower Rhine, under Pharamond.

426 The Romans, reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their troops from Britain, and never return; advifing the Britons to arm in their own defence, and trust to their own valour.

446 The Britons, now left to themselves, are greatly harraffed by the Scots and Picts, upon which they once more make their complaint to the Romans, but receive no affittance from that quarter.

447 Attila (furnamed the Scourge of God) with his Huns, ravages the Roman empire. 449 Vortigern, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into Britain, against the Scots

and Picts.

455 The Saxons having repulfed the Scots and Picts, invite over more of their countrymen, and begin to establish themselves in Kent, under Hengift.

476 The western empire is finifhed, 523 years after the battle of Pharfalia; upon the ruins of which feveral new ftates arife in Italy and other parts, confifting of Goths, Vandals, Huns, and other Barbarians, under whom literature is extinguished, and the works of the learned are destroyed.

496 Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Christianity begins in that kingdom. 508 Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

513 Conftantinople befieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned by a speculum of

brafs.

516 The computing of time by the Chriftian æra is introduced by Dionyfius the monk. 529 The code of Juftinian, the eastern emperor, is published.

557 A terrible plague all over Europe, Afia, and Africa, which continues near 50

years.

581 Latin ceafed to be spoken about this time in Italy.

596 Auguftine the monk comes into England with forty monks.

606 Here

606 Here begins the power of the popes, by the conceffions of Phocas, emperor of the

eaft.

622 Mahomet, the falfe prophet, flies from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 44th year of his age, and 10th of his ministry, when he laid the foundation of the Saracen empire, and from whom the Mahometan princes to this day claim their defcent. His followers compute their time from this æra, which in Arabic is called Hegira, i. e. the Flight.

637 Jerufalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet.

640 Alexandria in Egypt is taken by ditto, and the grand library there burnt by order of Omar, their caliph or prince.

653 The Saracens now extend their conquests on every fide, and retaliate the barbarities of the Goths and Vandals upon their posterity.

664 Glafs invented in England by Benalt, a monk.

685 The Britons, after a brave ftruggle of near 150 years, are totally expelled by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall.

713 The Saracens conquer Spain.

726 The controversy about images begins, and occafions many infurrections in the eastern empire.

748 The computing of years from the birth of Chrift began to be used in history. 749 The race of Abbas became caliphs of the Saracens, and encourage learning. 762 The city of Bagdad upon the Tigris is made the capital for the caliphs of the house of Abbas.

800 Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of Germany, afterwards called the western empire; gives the prefent names to the winds and months; endeavours to restore learning in Europe; but mankind are not yet difpofed for it, being folely engroffed in military enterprizes.

826 Harold, king of Denmark, dethroned by his fubjects, for being a Christian. 828 Egbert, king of Weffex, unites the Heptarchy, by the name of England. 836 The Flemings trade to Scotland for fifh.

838 The Scots and Picts have a decifive battle, in which the former prevail, and both kingdoms are united by Kenneth, which begins the fecond period of the Scottish history.

867 The Danes begin their ravages in England.

896 Alfred the Great, after fubduing the Danish invaders (against whom he fought 56 battles by fea and land), compofes his body of laws; divides England into counties, hundreds, and tythings; erects county courts, and founds the university of Oxford, about this time.

915 The university of Cambridge founded.

936 The Saracen empire is divided by ufurpation into feven kingdoms.

975 Pope Boniface VII. is depofed and banished for his crimes.

979 Coronation oaths faid to be first used in England.

991 The figures in arithmetic are brought into Europe by the Saracens from Arabia. Letters of the Alphabet were hitherto used.

996 Otho III. makes the empire of Germany elective.

999 Boleflaus, the first king of Poland.

1000 Paper made of cotton rags was in ufe; that of linen rags in 1170: the manufac

tory introduced into England at Dartford, 1588.

1005 All the old churches are rebuilt about this time in a new manner of architecture. 1015 Children forbidden by law to be fold by their parents in England.

1017 Canute, king of Denmark, gets poffeffion of England.

1040 The Danes, after feveral engagements with various fuccefs, are about this time driven out of Scotland, and never again return in a hostile manner.

1041 The Saxon line restored under Edward the Confeffor.

1C43 The Turks (a nation of adventurers from Tartary, ferving hitherto in the armies of contending princes) become formidable, and take poffeffion of Perfia.

1054 Leo IX. the firit pope that kept up an army.

1057 Malcolm III. king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Macbeth at Dunfinane, and marries the princess Margaret, fifter to Edgar Atheling.

1c65 The Turks take Jerufalem from the Saracens.

1066 The

Ic66 The battle of Haftings fought, between Harold and William (furnamed the baftard) duke of Normandy, in which Harold is conquered and flain, after which William becomes king of England.

1070 William introduces the feudal law.

Mufical notes invented.

1075 Henry IV. emperor of Germany, and the pope, quarrel about the nomination of the German bishops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted to the pope, towards the end of January.

1076 Juftices of peace first appointed in England.

1080 Doomsday-book began to be compiled by order of William, from a furvey of all the eftates in England, and finished in 1086.

The Tower of London built by ditto, to curb his English subjects; numbers of whom fly to Scotland, where they introduce the Saxon or English language, are protected by Malcolm, and have lands given them.

1091 The Saracens in Spain, being hard preffed by the Spaniards, call to their affiftance Jofeph, king of Morocco; by which the Moors get poffeflion of all the Saracen dominions in Spain.

1096 The first crufade to the Holy Land is begun under several Christian princes, to drive the infidels from Jerufalem.

1110 Edgar Atheling, the laft of the Saxon princes, dies in England, where he had been permitted to reside as a subject.

1118 The order of the Knights Templars inftituted, to defend the Sepulchre at Jerufalem, and to protect Christian strangers.

1151 The canon law collected by Gratian, a monk of Bologna.

1163 London bridge, confifting of 19 fmall arches, firft built of ftone.

1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany.

1172 Henry II. king of England (and firft of the Plantagenets) takes poffeffion of Ireland; which, from that period, has been governed by an English viceroy, or lord-lieutenant.

1176 England is divided, by Henry, into fix circuits, and justice is difpenfed by itinerant judges.

1180 Glafs windows began to be used in private houses in England.

1181 The laws of England are digested about this time by Glanville.

1182 Pope Alexander III. compelled the kings of England and France to hold the stirrups of his faddle when he mounted his horfe.

1186 The great conjunction of the fun and moon, and all the planets in Libra, happened in September.

1192 The battle of Afcalon, in Judæa, in which Richard, king of England, defeat's Saladine's army, confifting of 300,000 combatants.

1194 Dieu et mon Droit first used as a motto by Richard, on a victory over the French. 1200 Chimnies were not known in England.

Surnames now began to be used; firft among the nobility.

1208 London incorporated, and obtained their first charter, for electing their Lord Mayor and other magiftrates, from king John.

1215 Magna Charta is figned by king John and the barons of England.

Court of Common Pleas established.

1227 The Tartars, a new race of heroes, under Gingis-Kan, emerge from the northern parts of Afia, over-run all the Saracen empire, and, in imitation of former conquerors, carry death and desolation wherever they march.

1233 The Inquifition, begun in 1204, is now trusted to the Dominicans.

The houses of London, and other cities in England, France, and Germany, ftill thatched with ftraw.

1253 The famous aftronomical tables are compofed by Alonzo, king of Caftile. 1258 The Tartars take Bagdad, which finishes the empire of the Saracens. 1263 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotland with 160 fail, and lands 20,000 men at the mouth of the Clyde, who are cut to pieces by Alexander III. who recovers the western ifles.

1264 According to fome writers, the commons of England were not fummoned to par

liament till this period.

1269 The

1269 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England.

1273 The empire of the prefent Auftrian family begins in Germany.

1282 Llewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by Edward I. who unites that principality to England.

1284 Edward II. born at Caernarvon, is the first prince of Wales.

1285 Alexander III. king of Scotland, dies, and that kingdom is difputed by twelve candidates, who fubmit their claims to the arbitration of Edward, king of Eng

land; which lays the foundation of a long and defolating war between both nations.

1293 There is a regular fucceffion of English parliaments from this year, being the 2zd of Edward I.

1298 The prefent Turkish empire begins in Bithynia under Ottoman.

Silver-hafted knives, fpoons, and cups, a great luxury.

Tallow candles fo great a luxury, that fplinters of wood were used for lights.
Wine fold by apothecaries as a cordial.

1302 The mariner's compafs invented, or improved, by Givia, of Naples.

1307 The beginning of the Swifs cantons.

1308 The popes remove to Avignon, in France, for 70 years.

1310 Lincoln's Inn fociety established.

1314 The battle of Bannockburn, between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, which eftablishes the latter on the throne of Scotland.

The cardinals fet fire to the conclave, and separate. A vacancy in the papal chair for two years.

1320 Gold first coined in Christendom; 1344, ditto in England.

1336 Two Brabant weavers fettle at York, which, fays Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects.

1337 The first comet whofe courfe is described with an astronomical exactness.

1340 Gunpowder and guns firft invented by Swartz, a monk of Cologn; 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Creffy; 1346, bombs and mortars were invented.

Oil-painting firft made ufe of by John Vaneck.

Heralds college inftituted in England.

1344 The first creation to titles by patents ufed by Edward III.

1346 The battle of Durham, in which David, king of Scots, is taken prifoner.

1349 The order of the Garter inftituted in England by Edward III. altered in 1557, and confifts of 26 knights.

1352 The Turks first enter Europe.

1354 The money in Scotland till now the fame as in England.

1356 The battle of Poitiers, in which king John of France, and his son, are taken prisoners by Edward the Black Prince.

1357 Coals first brought to London.

1358 Arms of England and France first quartered by Edward III.

1362 The law pleadings in England changed from French to English, as a favour of Edward III. to his people.

John Wickliffe, an Englishman, begins about this time to oppofe the errors of the church of Rome with great acutenefs and spirit.

Lollards.

His followers are called

1386 A company of linen-weavers, from the Netherlands, established in London.

Windfor caftle built by Edward III.

1388 The battle of Otterburn, between Hotfpur and the earl of Douglas.

1391 Cards invented in France for the king's amufement.

1399 Westminster abbey built and enlarged-Weftminster hall ditto.

Order of the Bath inftituted at the coronation of Henry IV.; renewed in 1725 confifting of 38 knights.

1410 Guildhall, London, built.

1411 The university of St. Andrew's in Scotland founded.

1415 The battle of Agincourt gained over the French by Henry V. of England. 1428 The fiege of Orleans, the first blow to the English power in France.

1430 About this time Laurentius of Harleim invented the art of printing, which he

practifed

practifed with feparate wooden types. Guttemburgh afterwards invented cut metal types: but the art was carried to perfection by Peter Schoeffer, who invented the mode of cafting the types in matrices. Frederick Corfellis began to print at Oxford, in 1468, with wooden types; but it was William Caxton who introduced into England the art of printing with fufile types, in 1474•

1446 The Vatican library founded at Rome.

The fea breaks in at Dort, in Holland, and drowns 100,000 people.

1453 Conftantinople taken by the Turks, which ends the eastern empire, 1123 years from its dedication by Conftantine the Great, and 2206 years from the foun

dation of Rome.

1454 The university of Glasgow, in Scotland, founded.

1460 Engraving and etching in copper invented.

1477 The university of Aberdeen, in Scotland, founded.

1483 Richard III. king of England, and last of the Plantagenets, is defeated and killed at the battle of Bofworth, by Henry (Tudor) VII. which puts an end to the civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, after a contest of 30 years, and the lofs of ico,000 men.

1486 Henry establishes fifty yeomen of the guards, the firft ftanding army. 1489 Maps and fea-charts first brought to England by Barth. Columbus. 1491 William Grocyn publicly teaches the Greek language at Oxford.

The Moors, hitherto a formidable enemy to the native Spaniards, are entirely fubdued by Ferdinand, and become fubjects to that prince on certain conditions, which are ill obferved by the Spaniards, whofe clergy employ the powers of the Inquifition, with all its tortures; and in 1609, near one million of the Moors are driven from Spain to the oppofite coaft of Africa, from whence they originally came.

1492 America firft discovered by Columbus, a Genoefe, in the service of Spain. 1494 Algebra firft known in Europe.

1497 The Portuguese first fail to the Eaft Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.

South America difcovered by Americus Vefpufius, from whom it has its name. 1499 North America ditto, for Henry VII. by Cabot.

1500 Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into fix circles, and adds four mors

in 1512.

1505 Shillings firft coined in England.

1509 Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence vegetables were imported hitherto.

1513 The battle of Flowden, in which James IV. of Scotland is killed, with the flower of his nobility.

1517 Martin Luther began the Reformation.

Egypt is conquered by the Turks.

1518 Magellan, in the fervice of Spain, first discovers the ftraits of that name in South America.

1520 Henry VIII. for his writings in favour of popery, receives the title of Defender of the Faith from his Holinefs.

1529 The name of Proteftant takes it rife from the Reformed protefting against the church of Rome, at the diet of Spires in Germany.

1534 The Reformation takes place in England, under Henry VIII.

1537 Religious houfes diffolved by ditto.

1539 The first English edition of the Bible authorized; the present translation finished

1611.

About this time cannon began to be used in ships.

1543 Silk ftockings firft worn by the French king; firft worn in England by queen Elizabeth, 1561; the fteel frame for weaving invented by the Rev. Mr. Lee,

of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1589.

Pins firft ufed in England, before which time the ladies used skewers.

1544 Good lands let in England at one thilling per acre.

1545 The famous council of Trent begins, and continues 18 years.

1546 First law in England, establishing the intereft of money at ten per cent. 1549 Lords lieutenants of counties inftituted in England.

1550 Horfe

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