other inflammable material with some non-heat conveying material is to be desired under any and all conditions.

Bake oven, pyrites and sulphur burners, furnaces, etc., for annealing, coffee roasting, super-heating steam, class melting, concentrating, smelting, metal melting in hat factories, etc.; glory-holes, heaters in rolling mills, core ovens, converters, etc., should be, preferably, all of brick, although iron may enter into their construction; should be on earth, brick, concrete or cement floors; must not be in contact with any wood, but must have clear air spaces at sides and tops, and should not be in contact with division or party walls.

Blow Torches and Furnaces-(National Board of Fire Underwriters): Kerosene Oil Pressure Systems.-The burner must properly generate under any condition of working pressure or regulation. All parts must be accessible for purposes of cleaning or repairs. Cleaning or needle valves must have steel stems with a shoulder which will act as a stop and prevent the enlarging of the gas tip. Furnaces must be provided with a shutoff valve between the tank and the burner, closing against the pressure in a positive manner. Connections with sheet metal must be made so that no joints will be entirely dependent upon solder.

Boilers (see also Chapter 11).-Set all boilers on or above brick, earth, cement or concrete floors. No high-pressure boiler, dome, breeching or flue of same should be within 10 feet of wood, and no pipe from low pressure boilers or heat appiiances of low heating temperature should be within 2 feet of wood; if wood is within these distances it should be covered with some fire retardant. (See Chapter 11.)

Cooking ovens and ranges in restaurants, hotels, etc., should be on ventilated brick floors 10 feet from surrounding woodwork, 6 inches from brick or stone division or party walls, and should have hanging metal hood or brick arches opening into metal or brick flues, above and covering entire tops of the ovens; the hoods or arches are for the purpose of carrying off the inflammable fumes from the cooking. Wooden floors in front extending out for a distance of 3 feet should be closely covered with metal sheeting.

Coopers', or barrel stoves, should be on brick, concrete or

cement floors, and not within 10 feet of any wood at sides or above, and should stand under brick or iron hoods and preferably be enclosed on three sides by brick or iron shields.

Char houses of sugar refineries should be entirely of brick and iron. These are heated by self-contained furnaces.

Saw mill refuse burners must be higher than peak of saw mill roof, and must be provided with a spark arrester on top, and be 50 feet from buildings and 100 feet from lumber.

Saw mill slab pit should be at least 100 feet from buildings or lumber in the direction from which the least wind blows, and placed at the bottom of any embankment on which buildings or lumber are located, or surrounded by brick walls on the three sides nearest to the buildings and lumber.

Cupolas.-Iron charging platforms should be used in preference to wooden ones; roof and wooden platforms should be at least 12 inches from the cupola, this space being filled in with a metal collar.

Bleaching with Sulphur.-Where sulphur is burned for bleaching it must be in an iron pot on iron legs or bricks; sides of pot should be at least 3 inches higher than pot of burning sulphur. Doubling in distilleries must be done by steam only. Phosphate dryers; no wood must be within 10 feet. Licorice kettles in tobacco risks should be steam heated. Dry Rooms. These rooms are made for such varied purposes that it is only in a general way that they can be treated. Where steam heat is used the pipes should be installed in accordance with the treatment indicated under heading of "Steam Pipes" (this chapter).

Where heated by coal-burning stoves the stoves should be as far from all surrounding woodwork as possible, and otherwise as per heading "Stoves Burning Coal" (this chapter).

Where heating by hot air is carried on, the steam pipes and blower should be located in a readily accessible place, and the material surrounding the steam pipes should be brick or metal, but not metal on wood.

Where heating is by direct heat from boilers, the floors directly over the boilers should preferably be of iron bars or wire netting; if of wood, the floor should be slatted, and there should be at least 10 feet open space between the boilers and the floor.

Where materials are dried by heat from steam pipes under wire netting, space should be left under the steam pipes for cleaning out any materials which may fall through the netting onto the pipes or floor.

Floors of dry rooms should be preferably of cement, bricks laid in cement, or concrete.

Vulcanizing and japaning rooms should be metal lined and steam heated.

Varnished woods, leather, etc., should be dried in open rooms with steam-pipe heat; stoves should not be used.

Hair should be dried on wire netting by cold air, hot air or by steam pipes underneath the netting.

Electric heaters should be placed similarly to gas stoves.

Forges (brick or iron) should have brick or iron hoods, and should be on earth, cinders, brick or metal-clad floors; if on the latter the sheet metal must closely cover the floor and extend 3 feet beyond the forge in each unprotected direction; brickwork must be kept in good state of repair.

Furnaces, boilers, etc., should be on earth, brick, concrete or cement floors.

Glue should be steam heated wherever possible; properly arranged gas stoves are good appliances, but oil stoves placed on insecure boxes or shelves are dangerous; if oil stoves are used they should be properly placed. (See Stoves Burning Oil, etc., this chapter.)

Hot Air.-The system of forcing hot air through a building by blowers is one of the safest modes of heating. The blower should be located in a separate room and the steam pipes be set in a metal or brick closet. The flues for carrying the hot air should preferably be brick; metal pipes should be kept clear of all inflammable materials, and all lint, dust, rubbish and other inflammable materials should be carefully kept brushed off of them. The hot air flues must be of adequate size to carry the hot air without any undue high velocity, caused by large volume of air being forced through two small flues.

KILNS. In malt houses, pottery works, saw mills, etc., should be detached from all other buildings by open spaces or fire walls.

Malt houses and pottery kilns have self-contained brick or brick and iron furnaces on earth or brick floors.

Furnace heated lumber kilns are highly dangerous and should be done away with.

Lumber kilns should be hot air or steam-pipe heated.

Kettles and Stills. All kettles for confectionery, varnish, butterine, paper, cloth, lard, stearine, brewery, oil, etc., risks should be as far as possible steam jacketed, or heated by inside steam coils, and should rest on iron standards, and be free from contact with any wood. Where heated on stoves they should tightly fit the stoves' openings. Where fire-heated other than directly on stoves the furnace must be of brick built on earth or bricks. There must be a brick hood opening full into a brick stack over each varnish boiling kettle.

Singeing. Where furnaces are used (plate singeing) the furnaces should be set in a brick room or closet with a brick, concrete or cement floor; no wood should be within five feet of sides or top of room or closet. Where gas or oil is used the singeing machine must stand free of all surrounding wood at sides or above. Naphtha and gasolene should not be used for singeing unless absolutely necessary. Where singeing is done by hand all nearby woodwork should be metal clad.

Soldering Furnaces.—Where charcoal is the fuel furnaces must stand on large pieces of sheet metal. Where gas or gasolene is burned burners must have an open air space between them and any wood.

Steam pipes, when in contact with wood, are very liable to set the wood on fire by first carbonizing it and then by friction (caused by expanding and contracting pipes, and the vibration of the building), or by a slightly higher temperature, or by a chemical action due to the alternating cold and warm conditions causing the wood to enter an active state of combustion. It is, therefore, necessary to give particular attention to the location and arrangement of these pipes, whether high or low pressure of steam is used.

Keep them clear of all combustible materials, free from lint, dust, rubbish; do not allow stock to be put against them. If it is a rule to pile stock so that it is apt to come in contact with them, place a slat-work shield in front of them to prevent this.

Hang them all on well-secured iron brackets or overhead on -iron holders, or (as in dry rooms, core boxes, etc.) where in

lower part rest them on 1⁄2-inch to 1-ineh iron pipe, preferably raised from floors on iron standards. For general heating the hanging of the pipes overhead is to be desired.

Where passing through wood or lath and plaster, partitions should be surrounded by double holed sleeves, or by sleeves of iron pipe at least 3/4-inch larger in diameter than the steam pipe, and supported at each end by an iron collar, so arranged as to keep the pipe from contact with the sleeve pipe, or the space between the steam pipe and sleeve pipe must be filled with mineral wood.or asbestos. Where liable to come in contact with wood the wood should be covered with asbestos. Sheet metal between and against steam pipes and wood affords but little protection to the wood, as the sheet metal becomes as hot as the pipes.

Pans, digesters, evaporators, etc., must be clear of all wood and other combustible materials.

Smoke houses at packing houses should be of brick, without any woodwork other than that of roof construction. First row of hangers should be 12 feet above fires. A wire netting or perforated iron floor should preferably be placed between the fires and first row of hangers.

Stoves burning coal should stand on bricks, or sand in a box, or on a non-burnable floor cover or a metal floor cover, but not on sheet metal laid on a wooden floor, an unprotected wooden floor or carpeted floor. There should be a ventilating space between the bottom of the stove and the floor, bricks, etc. The bricks or floor protecting cover should extend under and two feet beyond the front of the feed door and ash door. Where stoves are near inflammable materials at sides metal shields should be used.

Stoves burning wood should have flooring underneath, protected the same as coal-burning stoves, and surrounding exposed inflammable materials should have same shield protection as coal-burning stoves, and should stand a good distance from inflammable materials wherever possible, as the heat in these stoves becomes excessive at frequent intervals, i. e., directly after the feeding of fuel.

Stoves burning gas should stand on metal (with an air space between the metal and any wood), on brick, stone, cement or