there is any liability of any such thing the plain glass should be replaced with ribbed glass, glazed glass or the glass should be painted. Sawdust should not be used in spittoons; substitute sand. All fire appliances should be regularly examined by some specified person in order to insure a reasonable certainty of their being in perfect order for immediate service at all times. Use sand, not sawdust, for the absorption of oil on floors at machines, where lamps are filled, and at all places where oil is liable to be absorbed by wood. CHAPTER XVI. WATCHMAN AND WATCHMAN'S TIME RECORDING APPARATUS. It is recommended that a steady, sober, middle-aged man be employed as watchman (for nights, Sundays, holidays and all times when a risk is not open or running), in all risks, but more especially is this urged in manufacturing plants, isolated buildings, and in localities where there are no public fire or police departments. Clock. The Rules and Requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters for the installation and use of watchmen's time-recording apparatus call for a clock that will run eight days, that dials cannot be seen without opening its door, that the opening or closing of the door will make a distinctive record on the dial, that the records be made by perforating a paper. The stations to be located as required. If magnetos are used they must be enclosed in dust-proof cases, and where in damp places or where subject to corrosive influences, to be in moisture-proof case, and if a battery system is used, connections operating clocks to be made by use of a special key box, and not by press buttons. In wiring preference to be given to a system so arranged that it is difficult to "beat" by short circuiting or connecting to wires at a point other than the station or clock. Stations should be so located that in order to make a complete circuit of them it will be necessary to pass in view every part of the entire plant. Rounds should be made at least once every hour. CHAPTER XVII. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION AND TABLES. Exposures, whether direct or indirect, can only, in all cases, be determined by existing conditions, such as the character of the exposure as to construction, as to contents, as to intervening air spaces and ventilations as to distances, as to relative heights, etc., and can be best provided against only by careful examination as to conditions and circumstances. It is not only that one building exposes another, but also that a light or heating appliance exposes some inflammable material, and whether it is one kind or another kind of an exposure, it should be provided for by parapet walls, fire doors and shutters, bricking up openings, removing exposed woodwork or covering it with lock-jointed tin or asbestos, or by providing ventilation or by proper fire appliance equipment. Areas of circles are to each other, theoretically, as the squares of their diameters, hence doubling the diameter of a pipe practically increases its capacity four times. The discharges from pipes under the same head of water are to each other as the square root of their fifth power. To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, or multiply half the diameter by half the circumference. The diameter of a circle is equal to the circumference divided by 3.1416, and, inversely, the circumference is equal to the diameter multiplied by 3.1416. Cnrrent in Amperes. For type cleaning lye should be used in place of benzine, etc., wherever possible. TABLE OF ELECTRIC HORSE POWER. Formula: E. M. F. (in volts) x C. (in amperes) + 746 = H. P. 2 12.00 10.70 11.80 12.80 13.90 15.00 12.00 13.20 14.40 15.60 16.90 6.70 7.40 8.00 8.70 9.40 9.40 8.00 8.80 9.60 10.40 11.20 11.20 12.30 13.10 8.00 9.40 10.70 20.90 22.60 24.40 22.50 24.40 26.20 24.00 26.00 28.00 dust arresters should be used. building proper into dust rooms. provided with dust conveyors for carrying the dust outside of the All machines producing dust in their operations should be Wherever possible cyclone Marking Ink.—A good ink is made of one pound extract of logwood, one ounce bichromate of potash and one gallon of hot water. Non-Freezing Mixture for Fire Casks and Pails. A strong, saturated solution of salt and bicarbonate of soda (common washing soda), with one pound of ammonia added to each five pounds. Whitewash.—A good, lasting and partly fireproof whitewash is made of slaked lime in a brine in which as much salt and alum have been dissolved as the water will take up. Basements.—In manufacturing plants a basement 3 feet above ground level is counted a story. In counting the number of floors in a building from the outside, begin with the top floor and count down, as there is less liability to mistake in counting down than in counting up. Each nominal horse power of boilers requires 71⁄2 gallons, or I cubic foot of water per hour. 240.07 gallons weigh one ton of 2000 pounds; 1000 gallons weigh about four and one-sixth tons. Water expands in freezing about 1-12 of its bulk, in the ratio of from 1,000 to 1,086, or 8.55 per cent., and when rigidly confined it is estimated that the expansive force approximates 30,000 pounds per square inch. If the ice in forming is not free to expand longitudinally with the pipe, the resultant pressure would approximate 10,000 pounds per square inch. Multiplying the height of a column of water by .434 will give the pressure in pounds per square inch. Approximately, every foot of elevation is equal to 2-pound pressure; this allows for ordinary friction. An elevation of 2.31 feet gives a pressure of 1 pound per square inch. |