Manufacturers will not be required to guarantee hose against effects of wear and tear of use, injury from fire, acids, or any cause not due to defects of manufacture, but if at any time during a period of two (2) years from the date of delivery of a lot of hose a section or sections of it burst when subjected to a pressure of less than 150 pounds, or show signs of weakness which is evidently due to defects of manufacture, and not at all incident to the customary wear and tear of use, such quantity of defective hose should be replaced by new hose without further cost to the

consumer.

Each outside hose house should contain 150 feet or 200 feet of hose, according to the height of the building to be protected and the distance apart of the hydrants.

The amount of hose to be placed for service at outside and inside standpipes must depend upon the area supposed to be covered from the hose connection; 34 to 11⁄4-inch hose.

Hose after use should always be drained of the water remaining in it.

Fire hose should only be used for the purpose of fire or tests by inspectors.

Three-quarter-inch to 14-inch hose, with 3-inch to 1⁄2-inch nozzles, will prove to be the most serviceable for inside standpipes; long lengths should not be used. Hose should be carefully coiled or folded on racks used for that purpose only, and should only be in readily accessible places.

Outside standpipes should be provided with single lengths of cotton rubber-lined hose.

Hose Houses.-A frame house of ample size, weather proof sides and roof and well ventilated, should be placed over each hydrant and over the hose connections from the fire pump when they project through the walls of the pump house. The doors should be so placed that when they are open the hose attached to the hydrant can be used without causing a sharp bend in it at the house. The five-sided hose house as designed by the Factory Insurance Association is of the very best type, and should be built wherever possible.

Besides the hose, each house should be equipped with 2 Underwriters' play pipes (1%-inch smooth nozzles, swivel handles, 30-inch long tapering tube, wound and painted), 1 to 2 axes, I

to 2 crowbars, 4 to 6 taber spanners, I lantern, 2 hydrant wrenches, a liberal supply of rubber hose washers, and ladder straps and coils of rope.

Hose to be properly folded on shelves, two lengths coupled together and attached to hydrant and with play pipe attached at other end. Other equipment to be properly hung up on hangers. PRIVATE FIRE BRIGADE.-All plants having fire pump, hose or other fire appliances should organize and maintain a private fire brigade thoroughly instructed in the use and handling of the fire appliances. Regular drills in propitious weather should be held. The Chief should be a man of experience and authority.

CHAPTER XII.

OILS, VARNISHES, BENZINE, ETC.

The care and handling of oils, benzine and other explosive, volatile and highly inflammable liquids are points for careful oversight, as but a small and apparently safe cause very often is sufficient to produce a disastrous result. Benzine, camphene, benzol, naphtha and gasolene are all highly inflammable volatile liquids, hence their use in closed rooms or near any lights or fires is very dangerous. Cleanliness, care in handling and safe storage locations are very essential to safety.

Illuminating and lubricating oils kept in rooms of the plant should not be in quantities of more than one barrel of a kind, and should be kept in metal or metal-lined wooden cabinets.

At ordinary temperature gasolene continually gives off inflammable vapor, and a light some distance from the material will ignite it through the medium of this vapor. The vapor from one pint of gasolene will make 200 cubic feet of air explosive. It depends upon the proportion of air and vapor whether it becomes a burning gas or destructive explosive. Beware of any leaks in cans, and never forget how dangerous a material you are handling.

Where there is no fireproof oil, etc., house, benzine, benzol, naphtha, gasolene and cements and compounds containing these liquids should only be kept in very small quantities, in metal cans and outside of the building (on window sills, fire escapes or any other convenient place).

Supply of benzine, benzol, naphtha and gasolene and compounds containing any of the above should be kept in and "drawn off" in fire-proof houses or rooms, or in a building at least 100 feet from any other building of the plant.

Heating, mixing or thinning of any cement or compound containing benzine, naphtha or gasolene should not be allowed in any building other than building separate from all other insured buildings by at least 100 feet, and used especially for that purpose.

In varnish and paint factories, etc., supply of oils and turpentine should be kept in oil houses or in outside iron tanks. In supplying oil, etc., to any fire-heated mixing kettles, it should be carried by hand, pumped or forced by air pressure, but never flowed by gravity. Small supply tanks inside of paint factories should be of iron, raised at least 12 inches above the floors, and should be filled by pumps or by air pressure; filling these tanks direct from the barrel by gravity is not a good practice. It is much safer to feed oil, etc., to paint mills, etc., by pumps or air pressure than by hand or gravity.

Gutta-percha cement, sole-laying cement, oil-proof or any cement or compound containing benzine or naphtha which requires heating before use, is absolutely forbidden.

Rubber cement, sole-laying cement, oil-proof or any cement or compound containing benzine or naphtha which is used cold (for use in boot and shoe factories, rubber factories, glazed and patent leather factories, etc.) must not be inside of buildings other than oil or cement houses in any quantity greater than one day's supply, and should be used from approved safety cans wherever possible.

Benzine, naphtha, gasolene, benzol and any cements, cleaning fluids and compounds containing any of the above liquids must not be used near any artificial lights.

Cleaning fluids of benzine, naphtha, gasolene or compound containing any of the above should be used from approved safety can only (printing houses, tailor shops, cloak and clothing factories, jewelry factories, etc.).

Oils, varnishes, benzine, naphtha, gasolene, turpentine, alcohol, etc., must never be kept in glass receptacles.

Oil used for fuel for boilers, singeing machines, heaters, etc., should be fed to the burners by pumps or air pressure. Where a gravity feed is used, the main supply tank should discharge into as small a secondary tank as possible, and the burners be fed from the latter; when the secondary supply tank is full a gate valve in supply pipe from main tank to secondary tank should be closed, and should only be open while secondary tank is being filled, and this should be as seldom as possible. Main tank should be at least 150 feet from buildings where a gravity feed is in use.

Oils for lubricating should be carefully selected, as poor oils produce friction of bearings through overheating and gumming. These oils should not flash under 300 degs. where used on heavy or fast running machinery.

All lamps, lanterns, etc., should be filled in daylight, over a metal pan.

All varnishes, oils, etc., should be kept as much as possible in metal receptacles, but where they are drawn through spigots from the barrels there must be a metal drip pan under each spigot.

Oil should not be dipped out from any barrel.

Oil cabinets should preferably be raised a few inches from the floors, and the floors under them be covered with sand.

Oils for stock (hemp, jute, wool, etc.) should be handled in as small quantites as possible.

Illuminating oils should not flash under 110 degs. Illuminating oils, see Notes, Chapter V.

Lubricating oils should not flash under 300 degs., and where fast-running or heavy machinery is used the flashing point for the oil or grease should not be under 500 degrees.

To remove oil from wood, thoroughly wash the oil-soaked wood with a strong solution of caustic soda, lye or potash.

A volatile liquid is one that will evaporate rapidly and spontaneously, such as benzine, gasolene, ether, etc.

Oils, varnishes, etc., spread rapidly on water as well as on other substances, and will float and burn on water, therefore an oil house should never be set over any stream that flows toward any buildings, and should not be placed on an elevation sloping toward any building.

For oil room construction, see Chapter II.

Lamp rooms should, as far as possible, be of the same construction as oil rooms, but where lamps are kept in an open main room they should always be stood in stamped metal pans, and never be on wood, for no matter how carefully a lamp is filled there is sure to be some oil on the outside of it, and this oil will be absorbed by any wood that the lamp may be placed upon, and all oils render wood more combustible than the wood is without the oil.