marriage, and twice in the reign of King James I. Here he began his History of the World; here he amused himself with his chemical experiments; and here his son, Carew Raleigh, was born.)-Lady Arabella Stuart and her husband, William Seymour, afterwards Duke of Somerset. (Seymour escaped from the Tower.)-Countess of Somerset, (for Overbury's murder).-Sir John Eliot. (Here he wrote The Monarchy of Man; and here he died, in 1632.)-Earl of Strafford.—Archbishop Laud.—Lucy Barlow, mother of the Duke of Monmouth. (Cromwell discharged her from the Tower in July, 1656.)-Sir William Davenant. -- Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham.-Colonel Hutchinson, at the Restoration of Charles II.

"His chamber was a room where 'tis said the two young princes, King Edward the Fifth and his brother, were murdered in former days, and the room that led to it was a dark great room, that had no window in it, where the portcullis to one of the inward Tower gates was drawn up and let down, under which there sat every night a court of guard. There is a tradition that in this room the Duke of Clarence was drowned in a butt of Malmsey; from which murder this room and that joining it, where Mr. Hutchinson lay, was called the Bloody Tower."-Mrs. Hutchinson.

(Mrs. Hutchinson was the daughter of Sir Allen Apsley, Lieutenant of the Tower, was herself born in the Tower, and, therefore, well acquainted with the traditions of the building.) Sir Harry Vane, the younger.-Duke of Buckingham.-Earl of Shaftesbury.-Earl of Salisbury, temp. Charles II. (When Lord Salisbury was offered his attendants in the Tower, he only asked for his cook. The King was very angry.)-William, Lord Russel.-Algernon Sydney. -Seven Bishops, June 8th, 1688.-Lord Chancellor Jefferies, 1688. The great Duke of Marlborough, 1692. Sir Robert Walpole, 1712. (Granville, Lord Lansdowne, the poet, was afterwards confined in the same apartment, and has left a copy of verses on the occasion.)—Harley, Earl of Oxford, 1715.-William Shippen, M.P. for Saltash (for saying, in the House of Commons, of a speech from the throne, by George I., "that the second paragraph of the King's speech seemed rather to be calculated for the meridian of Germany than Great Britain; and that 'twas a great misfortune that the King was a stranger to our language and constitution." He is the "downright Shippen" of Pope's poems).-Bishop Atterbury, 1722.

"How pleasing Atterbury's softer hour,

How shone his soul unconquered in the Tower!"-Pope.

(At his last interview with Pope, Atterbury presented Pope

with a Bible. When Atterbury was in the Tower, Lord Cadogan was asked, "What shall we do with the man?" His reply was, "Fling him to the lions.")-Dr. Freind. (Here he wrote his History of Medicine.)-Earl of Derwentwater, Earl of Nithsdale, Lord Kenmuir. (Lord Nithsdale escaped from the Tower, Feb. 28th, 1715, dressed in a woman's cloak and hood, provided by his heroic wife, which were for some time after called "Nithsdales." The Earl of Derwentwater and Lord Kenmuir were executed on Tower Hill. The history of the Earl of Nithsdale's escape, contrived and effected by his countess, with admirable coolness and intrepidity, is given by the countess herself, in an admirable letter to her sister.)-Lords Kilmarnock, Balmerino, and Lovat, 1746. (The block on which Lord Lovat was beheaded is preserved in Queen Elizabeth's Armoury.)--John Wilkes, 1762. Lord George Gordon, 1780.-Sir Francis Burdett, April 6th, 1810.-Arthur Thistlewood, 1820, the last person sent a prisoner to the Tower.

Persons murdered in.-Henry VI. -Duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of Malmsey in a room in the Bowyer, or rather, it is thought, Bloody, Tower.-Edward V. and Richard, Duke of York: their supposed remains (preserved in a cenotaph in Westminster Abbey) were found in the reign of Charles II., while digging the foundation for the present stone stairs to the Chapel of the White Tower.-Sir Thomas Overbury. (He was committed to the Tower, April 21st, 1613, and found dead in the Tower on Sept. 14th following. The manner of his poisoning is one of the most interesting and mysterious chapters in English History.)— Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex. (He was found in the Tower with his throat cut, July 13th, 1638.)

Persons born in. -Carew Raleigh (Sir Walter Raleigh's son). -Mrs. Hutchinson, the biographer of her husband.-Countess of Bedford (daughter of the infamous Countess of Somerset, and mother of William, Lord Russell).

The first stone of the Waterloo Barracks, a large building of questionable style intended to serve as a barrack and armoury, loop-holed, and capable of defence, was laid by the Duke of Wellington, June 14th, 1845, on the north side of the White Tower, on the site of the Grand Storehouse, built by William III., and burned down in 1841. The principal foss by that conflagration was 280,000 stand of muskets and small arms, ready for use, with a few others of antique make, with flint locks. The Ordnance stores in the Tower were estimated in 1849 at 640,0231. The Ordnance stores at home and abroad are valued at 6,000,000l. The area of the Tower, within the

walls, is 12 acres and 5 poles; and the circuit outside of the ditch is 1050 yards. The portcullis, by the Bloody Tower, has been described by the Duke of Wellington as the only one remaining in England, in a state of repair, and capable of being used.

The high ground to the N.W. of the Tower is called Tower Hill. Till within the last 150 years stood a large scaffold and gallows of timber, for the execution of such traitors or transgressors as were delivered out of the Tower, or otherwise, to the sheriffs of London for execution.

Executions on Tower Hill.-Bishop Fisher, 1535.-Sir Thomas More, 1535.

"Going up the scaffold, which was so weak that it was ready to fall, he said hurriedly to the Lieutenant, 'I pray you, Master Lieutenant, see me safe up, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.""-Roper's Life. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 1540. Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, mother of Cardinal Pole, 1541.-Earl of Surrey, the poet, 1547.-Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudley, the Lord Admiral, beheaded, 1549, by order of his brother the Protector Somerset.-The Proctector Somerset, 1552.-Sir Thomas Wyatt.-John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Northumberland, 1553.-Lord Guilford Dudley, (husband of Lady Jane Grey,) 1553-4.-Sir Gervase Helwys, Lieutenant of the Tower, (executed for his share in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.)-Earl of Strafford, 1641.-Archbishop Laud, 1644-5.-Sir Harry Vane, the younger, 1662.-Viscount Stafford, 1680, beheaded on the perjured evidence of Titus Oates, and others.-Algernon Sydney, 1683.-Duke of Monmouth, 1685.-Earl of Derwentwater and Lord Kenmuir, implicated in the rebellion of 1715.-Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino, 1746.-Simon, Lord Lovat, 1747, was not only the last person beheaded on Tower Hill, but the last person beheaded in this country.

Llewellyn's head was placed on the walls of the Tower. Lady Raleigh lodged on Tower Hill while her husband was a prisoner in the Tower. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was born (1644) on the E. side of Tower Hill, within a court adjoining to London Wall. At a publichouse on Tower Hill, known by the sign of the Bull, whither he had withdrawn to avoid his creditors, Otway, the poet, died (it is said, of want) April 14th, 1685. At a cutler's shop on Tower Hill, Felton bought the knife with which he stabbed the first Duke of Buckingham of the Villiers family; it was a broad, sharp, hunting knife, and cost 18. The second duke often repaired in disguise to the lodging of a poor person, "about Tower Hill," who professed skill in horoscopes.

The church of the Liberty of the Tower is called St. Peter's ad Vincula, and consists of a chancel, nave, and N. aisle; the pier columns are Early English; but the whole structure has been disfigured so often by successive alterations and additions, that little remains of the original building.

"I cannot refrain from expressing my disgust at the barbarous stupidity which has transformed this interesting little church into the likeness of a meeting-house in a manufacturing town. In truth, there is no sadder spot on earth than this little cemetery. Death is there associated, not, as in Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's, with genius and virtue, with public veneration and with imperishable renown; not, as in our humblest churches and churchyards, with everything that is most endearing in social and domestic charities; but with whatever is darkest in human nature and in human destiny, with the savage triumph of implacable enemies, with the inconstancy, the ingratitude, the cowardice of friends, with all the miseries of fallen greatness and of blighted fame."-Mr. Macaulay's History of England, i. 628.

Eminent Persons interred in.-Queen Anne Boleyn (beheaded 1536).

"Her body was thrown into a common chest of elm-tree, that was made to put arrows in, and was buried in the chapel within the Tower before twelve o'clock."-Bishop Burnet.

Queen Katherine Howard (beheaded 1542).-Sir Thomas More.

"His head was put upon London Bridge; his body was buried in the chapel of St. Peter in the Tower, in the belfry, or as some say, as one entereth into the vestry, near unto the body of the holy martyr Bishop Fisher."-Cresacre More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 288.

Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex (beheaded 1540). Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury (beheaded 1541). Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudley, the Lord Admiral (beheaded 1549), by order of his brother, the Protector Somerset. The Protector Somerset (beheaded 1552). John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland (beheaded 1553).

"There lyeth before the High Altar, in St. Peter's Church, two Dukes between two Queenes, to wit, the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, between Queen Anne and Queen Katherine, all four beheaded."-Stow, by Howes, p. 615.

Lady Jane Grey and her husband, the Lord Guilford Dudley (beheaded 1553-4). Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex (beheaded 1600). Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned in the Tower, and buried, according to the register, Sept. 15th, 1613. Sir John Eliot died a prisoner in the Tower, Nov. 27th, 1632; his son petitioned the King (Charles I.) that he would permit his father's body to be conveyed to Cornwall for interment, but the King's answer at the foot of the petition was, "Let Sir John Eliot's body be buried in the church of that parish where he died." Okey, the regicide. Duke of Monmouth

(beheaded 1685), buried beneath the communion-table. John Rotier (d. 1703), the eminent medallist, the rival of Simon and father of James and Norbert Rotier, also medallists of great merit. Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino (beheaded 1746). Simon, Lord Lovat (beheaded April 9th, 1747). Colonel Gurwood, to whose industry we owe the Wellington dispatches (d. 1846). Observe.-Altar-tomb, with effigies of Sir Richard Cholmondeley and his wife; this Sir Richard Cholmondeley was Lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VII. Monument, with kneeling figures, to Sir Richard Blount, Lieutenant of the Tower (d. 1564), and his son, Sir Michael Blount, his successor in the office. Monument in chancel to Sir Allen Apsley, Lieutenant of the Tower (d. 1630), the father of Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson. scribed stone on floor of nave, over the remains of Talbot Edwards (d. 1674), Keeper of the Regalia in the Tower, when Blood stole the crown. Here, in the lieutenancy of Alderman Pennington (the regicide Lord Mayor of London), one Kem, vicar of Low Leyton, in Essex, preached in a gown over a buff coat and scarf. Laud, who was a prisoner in the Tower at the time, records the circumstance, with becoming horror, in the History of his Troubles.

In

CHURCHES.

Of the 98 parish churches within the walls of the City of London, at the time of the Great Fire, 85 were burnt down, and 13 unburnt; 53 were rebuilt, and 35 united to other parishes. "It is observed and is true in the late Fire of London," says Pepys in his Diary, "that the fire burned just as many parish churches as there were hours from the beginning to the end of the Fire; and next that there were just as many churches left standing in the rest of the city that was not burned, being, I think, 13 in all of each; which is pretty to observe."

The following is the Yearly Value of Church Livings in London :