Kneller Training School, for masters of workhouse schools, &c., near Twickenham. Should he wish to pursue his inquiries further, he must leave London for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, for the East India Company's Colleges at Addiscombe and Haileybury, and the Ordnance College at Woolwich.

HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

TAKING the whole of London, and extending the circuit line as far as Greenwich, there are no less than 491 Charitable Institutions (or parent societies) thus divided:

12 General Medical Hospitals.

50 Medical Charities for special purposes; such as Small Pox, Consumption, Cancer, &c.

35 General Dispensaries.

12 Societies and Institutions for the preservation of life and public morals.

18 Societies for reclaiming the fallen and staying the progress of crime.

14 Societies for the relief of general destitution and distress. 12 Societies for relief of specific description.

14 Societies for aiding the resources of the industrious (exclusive of loan funds and savings' banks).

11 Societies for the deaf and dumb and the blind.

103 Colleges, Hospitals, and Institutions of Almshouses for the

aged.

16 Charitable Pension Societies.

74 Charitable and Provident Societies chiefly for specified classes.

31 Asylums for orphan and other necessitous children.

10 Educational Foundations.

4 Charitable Modern Ditto.

40 School Societies, Religious Books, Church-aiding, and Christian Visiting Societies.

35 Bible and Missionary Societies.

In all 491 parent societies disbursing annually in aid of their respective objects 1,764,7337., of which upwards of 1,000,000l. is raised by voluntary contributions.

Of these institutions five are Royal Hospitals. One for the education of youth (Christ's Hospital, p. 199); three for the cure of disease (St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, and Bethlehem); and one Bridewell, for the punishment of the idle and the dissolute. Bedlam and Bridewell, with a rental between 25,000l. and 30,000l. a year, are under the same direction.

The leading institutions which the stranger or resident in London will find best worth visiting are:

ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, in SMITHFIELD, the earliest institution of the kind in London, occupying part of the Priory of St. Bartholomew, founded A.D. 1102, by Rahere, the first Prior; repaired and enlarged by the executors of Richard Whittington, the celebrated Mayor; and founded anew, at the dissolution of religious houses, by Henry VIII., "for the continual relief and help of an hundred sore and diseased;" the immediate superintendence of the Hospital being committed by the king to Thomas Vicary, SerjeantSurgeon to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, and author of "The Englishman's Treasure," the first work on anatomy published in the English language. The great quadrangle of the present edifice was built (1730-33) by James Gibbs, architect of the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. The gate towards Smithfield was built in 1702, and the New Surgery in 1842. This Hospital gives relief to all poor persons suffering from accident or diseases, either as in-patients or out-patients. Cases of all kinds are received into the Hospital, including diseases of the eyes, distortions of the limbs, and all other infirmities which can be relieved by medicine or surgery. Accidents, or cases of urgent disease, may be brought without any letter or recommendation or other formality at all hours of the day or night to the Surgery, where there is a person in constant attendance, and the aid of the Resident Medical Officers can be instantly obtained. General admission-day, Thursday, at 11 o'clock. Petitions for admission to be obtained at the Steward's Office, any day, between 10 and 2. Any other information may be obtained from the porter at the gate. The Hospital contains 580 beds, and relief is afforded to 70,000 patients annually. in-patients are visited daily by the Physicians and Surgeons : and, during the summer session, four Clinical Lectures are delivered weekly. The out-patients are attended daily by the Assistant-Physicians and Assistant-Surgeons. Students

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can reside within the Hospital walls, subject to the rules of the Collegiate system, established under the direction of the Treasurer and a Committee of Governors of the Hospital. Some of the teachers and other gentlemen connected with the Hospital also receive Students to reside with them. Further information may be obtained from the Medical or Surgical Officers or Lecturers, or at the Anatomical Museum or Library. Between 2001. and 300l. are spent every year for strong sound port wine, for the sick poor in Bartholomew's

Hospital. It is bought in pipes, and drawn off as needed. Nearly 2000 lbs. weight of castor oil; 200 gallons of spirits of wine, at 17s. a gallon; 12 tons of linseed meal; 1000 lbs. weight of senna; 27 cwt. of salts, are items in the annual account for drugs; the grand total spent upon physic, in a twelvemonth, being 2,600l. 5000 yards of calico are wanted for rollers for bandaging; to say nothing of the stouter and stiffer fabric used for plaisters. More than half a hundred weight of sarsaparilla is used every week, a sigu how much the constitution of the patients requires improvement. In a year, 29,700 leeches were bought for the use of the establishment. A ton and a half of treacle is annually used in syrup. Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was Physician to the Hospital for 34 years, (1609-43), and the rules which he laid down for the duties of the medical officers of the Hospital were adhered to for nearly a century after his retirement. The date of the actual commencement of a Medical School is unknown; but in 1662, students were in the habit of attending the medical and surgical practice; and in 1667, their studies were assisted by the formation of a Library "for the use of the Governors and young University scholars." A building for a Museum of Anatomical and Chirurgical Preparations was provided in 1724, and, in 1734, leave was granted for any of the Surgeons or Assistant-Surgeons "to read Lectures in Anatomy in the dissecting-room of the Hospital." The first Surgeon who availed himself of this permission was Mr. Edward Nourse, whose anatomical lectures, delivered for many years in or near the Hospital, were followed, in 1765, and for many years after, by courses of Lectures on Surgery from his former pupil and prosector, Percival Pott: and about the same time, Dr. William Pitcairn, and subsequently Dr. David Pitcairn, successively Physicians to the Hospital, delivered lectures, probably occasional ones, on Medicine. Further additions to the course of instruction were made by Mr. Abernethy, who was elected AssistantSurgeon in 1787, and by whom, with the assistance of Drs. William and David Pitcairn, the principal lectures of the present day were established. Abernethy lectured on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery, in a theatre erected for him by the Governors in 1791, and his high_reputation attracting so great a body of students it was found necessary, in 1822, to erect a new and larger Anatomical Theatre. progress of science and the extension of medical education in the last twenty years have led to the institution of additional lectureships on subjects auxiliary to Medicine, and on new

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and important applications of it; and further facilities have been afforded for instruction. In 1835, the Anatomical Museum was considerably enlarged, a new Medical Theatre was built, and Museums of Materia Medica and Botany were founded; and, at the same time, the Library was removed to the present building, and enriched by liberal contributions. In 1834, the Medical Officers and Lecturers commenced the practice of offering Prizes and Honorary Distinctions for superior knowledge displayed at the annual examinations of their classes; and in 1845, four scholarships were founded, each tenable for three years, and of the annual value of 45%. and 50%., with the design not only of encouraging learning, but of assisting Students to prolong their attendance, beyond the usual period, on the medical and surgical practice of the Hospital. In 1843, the Governors founded a Collegiate Establishment, to afford the Pupils the moral advantages, together with the comfort and convenience, of a residence within the walls of the Hospital, and to supply them with ready guidance and assistance in their studies. The chief officer of the College is called the Warden. The President of the Hospital must have served the office of Lord Mayor. The qualification of a Governor is a donation of 100 guineas. The greatest individual benefactor to St. Bartholomew's was the celebrated Dr. Radcliffe, who left the yearly sum of 500%. for ever, towards mending the diet of the Hospital, and the further sum of 100l. for ever, for the purchase of linen. Observe.-Portrait of Henry VIII. in the Court-room, esteemed an original, though not by Holbein; Portrait of Dr. Radcliffe, by Kneller; good Portrait of Perceval Pott, by Sir Joshua Reynolds; fine Portrait of Abernethy, by Sir T. Lawrence. The Good Samaritan, and The Pool of Bethesda, on the grand staircase, were painted gratuitously by Hogarth; for which he was made a governor for life.

BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL (vulg. BEDLAM), in ST. GEORGE'S FIELDS. An hospital for insane people, founded (1246) as a priory of canons, in Bishopsgate Without, by Simon FitzMary, one of the Sheriffs of London. Henry VIII., at the Dissolution, gave it to the City of London, when it was first converted into an hospital for lunatics. Fitz-Mary's Hospital was taken down in 1675, and the Hospital removed to Moorfields, "at the cost of nigh 17,000l." Of this second Bedlam (Robert Hooke, architect) there is a view in Strype. Bedlam, in Moorfields, was taken down in 1814, and the first stone of the present Hospital (James Lewis, architect) laid April 18th, 1812. The cupola, a recent addition, was

designed by Sydney Smirke. The first Hospital could accommodate only 50 or 60, and the second 150. The building in St. George's-fields was originally constructed for 198 patients, but this being found too limited for the purposes and resources of the Hospital, a new wing was commenced for 166 additional patients, of which the first stone was laid July 26th, 1838. The whole building (the House of Occupations included) covers, it is said, an area of 14 acres. In 1845 the Governors admitted 315 Curables (110 males and 205 females); 7 Incurables (5 males and 2 females); 11 Criminals (7 males and 4 females); and 180 Discharged Cured (62 males and 118 females). The expenses in 1837 amounted to 19,7647. 15s. 7d. The way in which the comfort of the patients is studied by every one connected with the Hospital cannot be too highly commended. The women have pianos, and the men billiard and bagatelle-tables. There are, indeed, few things to remind you that you are in a mad-house beyond the bone knives in use, and a few cells lined and floored with cork and india-rubber, and against which the most insane patient may knock his head without the possibility of hurting it. Among the unfortunate inmates have been-Peg Nicholson, for attempting to stab George III.; she died here in 1828, after a confinement of 42 years.-Hatfield, for attempting to shoot the same king in Drury-lane Theatre.-Oxford, for firing at Queen Victoria in St. James's Park.-M'Naghten, for shooting Mr. Edward Drummond at Charing-cross; he mistook Mr. Drummond, the private secretary of Sir Robert Peel, for Sir R. Peel himself. Visitors interested in cases of lunacy should see Hanwell Asylum, on the Great Western Railway (74 miles from London), and the Colney Hatch Asylum on the Great Northern Railway (6 miles from London), the latter covering 119 acres, and erected at a cost of 200,000l.

ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, HIGH STREET, SOUTHWARK. An Hospital for sick and diseased poor persons, under the management of the Corporation of the City of London, founded (1213) by Richard, Prior of Bermondsey, as an Almonry, or house of alms; founded again more fully (1215) for canons regular, by Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester; bought at the dissolution of religious houses by the citizens of London, and opened by them as an Hospital for poor, impotent, and diseased people, Nov. 1552. The building having fallen into decay, the governors, in 1699, solicited the benevolence of the public for its support, and with such success that the whole hospital was (1701-6)

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