Method, Model and MatterSpringer Netherlands, 31 груд. 1972 р. - 204 стор. This collection of essays deals with three clusters of problems in the philo sophy of science: scientific method, conceptual models, and ontological underpinnings. The disjointedness of topics is more apparent than real, since the whole book is concerned with the scientific knowledge of fact. Now, the aim of factual knowledge is the conceptual grasping of being, and this understanding is provided by theories of whatever there may be. If the theories are testable and specific, such as a theory of a particular chemical reaction, then they are often called 'theoretical models' and clas sed as scientific. If the theories are extremely general, like a theory of syn thesis and dissociation without any reference to a particular kind of stuff, then they may be called 'metaphysical' - as well as 'scientific' if they are consonant with science. Between these two extremes there is a whole gamut of kinds of factual theories. Thus the entire spectrum should be dominated by the scientific method, quite irrespective of the subject matter. This is the leitmotiv of the present book. The introductory chapter, on method in the philosophy of science, tackles the question 'Why don't scientists listen to their philosophers?'. |
Зміст
Preface | 1 |
Concepts of Model | 91 |
Analogy Simulation Representation | 114 |
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analysis artifact atomic automata theory axiomatic axioms basic behavior biology black box black box theories Bunge called characterized chemical classical mechanics components concepts conceptual model concerning concrete consistent constitute construct contemporary science critical realism definite dialectics dynamical electromagnetic elucidation empirically testable entities epistemology evolution example explain fact factual science formula function given goal hence human migration hypotheses individual input interpretation isomorphism knowledge latter law statements level structure logic materialism mathematical sociology meaning mereology metascientific method methodological migratory model object Moreover observational organisms output particle particular philosophy of science physical theory possible predictions problem properties psychology quantum mechanics quark reference refutable region relation representation represents ring theory scientific metaphysics scientific research scientific theory semantic assumptions sense simulation social specific theories statistical stochastic subset symbols synthesis teleology testable theoretical model thesis things tion traits untestable variables Vienna Circle vitalist whole