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work, in Figs. 107, 108 and 109. The two roof flanges or shoes, shown in Fig. 107 and the upper one in Fig. 108, are patent devices, and in the case of the two first mentioned, we have shown sectional views, to better represent them. The other connection of Fig. 108 shows a roof connection made from ordinary sheet lead. In Fig. 109 we have shown two

methods of roof connection for flat roofs, those preceding having been or pitch roofs. The upper method shows a patent flange, while the other gives a method for using sheet lead.

Figs. 107, 108 and 109 will give the student good practice work, and we advise in connection with it the making of sectional views, such as we have given.

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winter months when the refrigerators may possibly not be in use, the danger of the evaporation of the seal in the sink trap may be lessened. As to the sub-soil drainage, in some sections of the country it is hardly ever used, but in others, where there is a damp soil, nearly every house or building must be supplied with it. The dotted lines showing the subsoil drain represent porous tile with loose joints, and it will be noticed that this drain is carried into the well formed for the cellar drainage. Other lines of

the work. Probably most of our readers will agree that in figuring such a job as this one, it would be the easiest thing in the world to forget to figure in the Y branch and bend making up this offset. With a drawing, even if it is not elaborately drawn, this and a score of other little points are brought to one's attention, and "forgetting to figure" fittings, etc., will not happen so often.

Probably by this time those of our readers who have been carefully preserving this book will see at a glance that the F

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SIX FLAT APARTMENT HOUSE

sub-soil drain may be run out into the center of the cellar if desired.

In Fig. 112 is shown an elevation of the plumbing work of the kitchens. As will be seen from the floor plan, the kitchens belonging to the two apartments on each floor are at opposite ends of the building, and therefore require separate stacks, and as these stacks run in recesses in the wall, they require offsetting below the first floor, as we show. This matter of the offset will perhaps show in a slight way the benefit of a drawing of

elevation of Fig. 112 is taken looking in the direction of the arrow G in Fig. 111. This brings the stack and the vent line one behind the other, and for that reason the work does not show as clearly as might be desired. The vent line it will be noticed, does not connect at its foot back into the stack, but as shown, ends in a hub ferrule, to which the two fixture vents connect.

To be brief and to the point, we show in Fig. 112, and also in Fig. 113, only the work on the lower, and upper floors, and

instead of showing the stacks passing through the roof, simply designate that point by an accompanying note.

Increased to 4"

through roof. Main Vent enters stack through Vent tee

3rd. Floor

Plumbing same as on third floor.

main Vent. Stack

2nd Floor/

1st. Floor

Connected to horizontal through Y and 8 bena

FIG. 112.

ELEVATION OF KITCHEN WORK.

In Fig. 113 we show an elevation of the bath room work of the apartment building under consideration. On this work, the bath rooms on each side of the house are served by a single stack, as our drawing shows.

It will be observed that this view of the work is obtained by looking upon it from the rear (see arrow F). As we saw in the case of the kitchen stacks, the bathroom stack runs up through the wall, and of necessity must be offset in order to lead into the main drain. In this drawing, the main line of vent appears in front of the stack, and therefore shows plainly. Just below the first floors two lines of vent are connected into the main vent, these pipes being the vents from the refrigerator drip sinks in the cellar. The work shown in all four drawings of this chapter are given the student for practice work, which will be found easier if made on a larger scale. We have said but little on scale drawings thus far, but before one can take up the figuring of work from drawings, it becomes necessary to understand this matter. Therefore, in our next chapter we shall take the subject up to a sufficient extent to enable the student to use a scale in his work.

It has probably been noticed that we have for some little time been showing lines on floor timbers in our drawings, which represent wood. This is not a necessity by any means, but a reference to Figs. 112 and 113 will convince the reader, we believe, that it sets off a drawing to quite an extent, and adds to its appearance.

Likewise, the section lines of the division wall shown in Fig. 113 are of benefit, as well as the lines showing brick and stone work.

The cross section lines take quite an amount of time to put in in proper shape, to be sure, but the lines showing wood and stone are very quickly put in.

Some of the detail work connected with the six flat apartment building which we have been considering, we shall show in the next chapter.

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