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CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.
1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of
three elements, Labour, Capital, and Land,
2. The Law of Population,
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically
PAGE
205
206
208
CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.
1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent,
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of
accumulation,
3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire,
4. Exemplification of its excess,
213
215
218
226
CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Produc-
tion from Land.
§ 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the
real limits to production, .
229
2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing
return in proportion to the increased application of labour
and capital,
230
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the
progress of improvements in production,
235
CHAPTER XIII.
Consequences of the foregoing Laws.
§ 1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of
the principle of accumulation, .
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of
inequality of property,
§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by
contract,
the validity of prescription,
the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.
Question of inheritance examined,
4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of prop-
erty in moveables,
-
6. only valid on certain conditions, which are not always
realized. The limitations considered,
7. Rights of property in abuses,
CHAPTER III.
Of the Classes among whom the
Produce is distributed.
§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes, 2. - sometimes belongs undividedly to one,
3. - sometimes divided between two,
CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.
§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the prod-
uce,
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land,
3. Influence of custom on prices,
281
287
291
CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.
§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves,
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
slave-owners,
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties,
2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland,
3. in Norway,
CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.
§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry,
2.- in training intelligence,
3. - in promoting forethought and self-control,
4. Their effect on population,
CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.
§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties,
2. Its advantages and inconveniences,
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries,
4. Is its abolition desirable?
321
323
330
CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure,
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-
396
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or re-
straint on population,
4. Ryot tenancy of India,
402
404
CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.
§ 1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors, . 409
2. Inapplicability of this advice to present circumstances,
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.
417
§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other
words, on population and capital,
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages,
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-
straints on population,
4. which are in some cases legal,
5.
in others the effect of particular customs,
420
421
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour- ing class, .
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of
employment,
2. - would require as a condition, legal measures for repres-
sion of population,
CHAPTER XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further
considered.
§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of pop-
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring peo-
4. -and by large measures of immediate relief, through for-
eign and home colonization,
467
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in
different Employments.
§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-
tiveness in different employments,
2. Differences arising from natural monopolies,
3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors,
of the competition of persons with independent means of
support,
485
489
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men,
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom,
CHAPTER XV. Of Profits.
§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and
wages of superintendence,
495
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is
liable,
498
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-
lar employment,
500
4. General tendency of profits to an equality,
5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale,
6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of
labour,
7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour,
CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent.
502
508
§ 1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly, .
516
2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situa- tion, as exists in less quantity than the demand,
3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above
the return to the worst land in cultivation,
4. -or to the capital employed in the least advantageous cir-
cumstances,
521
5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?
6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricul-
tural produce, .
2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price, 3. What is meant by general purchasing power,