STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, ENGLAND Composition, Electrotyping, and Presswork by New York, U. S. A. PREFACE. By this preface I offer to American tool-makers a treatise on their art and mine. My reasons for this venture are numerous, but chief among them is the fact that to every tool-maker, every machinist, every worker in metals, a knowledge of what can be attained in his art is to-day indispensable, and the attainment of that knowledge should be both easy and pleasant. This treatise is intended for the man at the head of the shop as well as the man at the lathe; for the man who has neither the time nor the inclination to delve into ten or twenty volumes of more or less contradictory mechanical dissertation; for the practical man of the drafting-room, the tool-room, the machine-shop, and the forge. The work is dedicated to the work-bench of the mechanic and the office of the engineer. It is inscribed to all who are interested in the working of metals. If they shall gain knowledge by its perusal the author will be abundantly repaid. In the writing and illustrating of this work I have drawn upon the accumulated knowledge gained through many years of practical experience, and have embodied in it extracts from over three hundred original articles contributed by myself to the mechanical and the technical press. In arranging the text and the illustrations the following objects have been constantly kept in mind: I. To give accurate and concise descriptions of the fundamental principles, methods, and processes by which the greatest accuracy and highest efficiency may be attained in the production of repetition parts of metal at the minimum of cost. II. To discuss and illustrate the great numbers of special tools, their construction and use, as fully as possible within the narrow limits of a single volume. III. To avoid all that is speculative, impracticable, and obsolete in processes, methods, principles, design, and construction. IV. To preserve a clear and systematic arrangement of the numerous subjects, giving to each one its place according to its importance in the treatise. V. To secure a style and method of presentation in the work itself which shall please the busy man of metals, whether he labors in the shop, the draughting-room, the office, or the laboratory. Thus my aim has been to increase the practical knowledge and the earning capacity of machinists, tool-makers, die-makers, steel-workers, blacksmiths, model-makers, and foremen; to point out to superintendents where and how to secure the maximum of output from the minimum of cost and labor; to give general managers and proprietors of metal-working establishments methods by which they may increase the output and the income, and-last, but not least-to put into the hands of the earnest and intelligent apprentice a text-book of the art that has gained for the United States the industrial supremacy of the world. Whether these important ends have been attained, it is not for me but for the practical reader to decide. I have labored earnestly and assiduously to add to the world's stock of knowl edge and to reach the ideal of what a work of this kind should be. I surrender the treatise, thus undertaken and completed, to the reader, apologizing for nothing contained in it or omitted, and asking of you only a considerate judgment and just recognition of the work. NEW YORK, February, 1911. JOSEPH V. WOODWORTH. CONTENTS. THE INCEPTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND INSTALLATION OF THE MODERN SYS- TEM OF INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTURING. Eli Whitney-Interchangeability-Interchangeable Manufacturing PAGES MACHINE TOOLS, DESIGNING, TOOL-MAKING, AND TOOL-ROOMS. Machine Tools-The Designer-The Great Principle of Reproduc- tion-Functions of Jigs and Fixtures-Templets-Gauges-Flat Jigs Box Jigs-Work that should not be Jigged-Jigs for Factors Involved-The Locating and Holding Devices-Simple Drill- ing-jigs-Constructing Simple Jigs-Processes of Accurate Jig- making-The Button Method for Locating Drill Bushing-holes- Patterns for Castings to be Jigged-Locating and Finishing Drill 40-54 Two Types of very Simple Drilling jigs-A Simple Fourteen-hole Drilling-jig-Jigs for a Bracket and Bearing-Two Simple Drill- ing-jigs and their Use-Two Drilling-jigs for the Speed-lathe- A Drill-jig for Acetylene Gas-burners-Drilling-jigs for Odd- shaped Castings-Jig for Drilling Rough Castings in Pairs-Jig INTRICATE AND POSITIVE DRILLING-JIGS. Jig for Drilling a Multiple Cam-body-Drilling and Hub-facing Jig -An Intricate Jig for Typewriter Bases-Two Drilling-jigs for Constructing Large Drilling-jigs-Jig for Drilling a Nailing-machine Cross-head-Drilling-jig for Cast-iron Impression Rollers-Drill- ing-jig for Dovetailed Slide Brackets-Drilling-jig for Press- DRILLING-JIGS OF NOVEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. Drilling Holes in a Spiral Line around a Cylinder-Indexing Dial Jig for Drilling Small Cams-Jigs with Indexing Plates-Drilling USE OF MILLING-MACHINES FOR MODERN TOOL-MAKING, INTERCHANGE- ABLE MANUFACTURING, AND JOBBING SHOP WORK. The Utility of Milling-machines-Improvements in Construction- Universal Milling-machines-"Knee Type" of Milling-machines -Milling-machines Compared with other Machine Tools-The Milling-machine in the Tool-room-Milling an Angle Plate-Cir- |