GENERAL The best general bibliographies relating to the general history of General Europe since the Congress of Vienna will be found in the following bibliographies works: (a) The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, "The Restoration," 1907; Vol. XI, "The Growth of Nationalities,” 1909; and Vol. XII, ✨ "The Latest Age" (in preparation). (b) Histoire générale, edited by LAVISSE et RAMBAUD, Vol. X, "Les Monarchies constitutionelles," 1898; Vol. XI, "Révolutions et Guerres nationales, 1848-1870," 1899; Vol. XII, "Le Monde contemporaine, 1870–1900,” 1901. Each of these works gives elaborate lists of sources and writers for each chapter. The Cambridge Modern History is the more recent and the fuller of the two, but the Histoire générale is often the more helpful because the more discriminating. Excellent bibliographies, kept nearly up to date, are given in the Statesman's Year-Book. For Germany and the history bound up with hers one should consult the monumental and almost ideal work, DAHLMANN-WAITZ, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte, 7th ed., 1905– 1906, and supplementary volume, 1907. For the annual historical bibliographies and the chief historical magazines which enable one to keep pace with current publications, see above, Vol. I, p. 389. century in The best general accounts of the history of Europe during the nine- General teenth century, especially of the political events, to be had in English histories of the nineteenth are: ANDREWS, C. M., The Historical Development of Modern Europe (two volumes bound in one); FYFFE, History of Modern Europe (origi- English nally in three volumes, now published in one); Seignobos, A Political History of Europe since 1814 (edited by Professor Macvane). A shorter narrative may be found in PHILLIPS, W. A., Modern Europe, 1815-1899; and a lively, journalistic review, especially of German history, in MÜLLER, History of Recent Times. Unfortunately none of these furnish an adequate account of the development of the past quarter of a century. This deficiency is in a measure remedied by Professor Andrews in his volume, "Contemporaneous Europe," in the great set, The History of All Nations. In due time Vol. XII of The Cambridge Modern History will bring the reader down to 1908 or 1909. The Annual Register, which has been 521 French and Annual histories Papal affairs General appearing in England since 1758, gives an admirable sketch of Europe's history year by year, and is indispensable to one who wishes to be abreast of the developments of his time (see below, p. 540). In French and German the following general histories of the century are perhaps the best: BULLE, Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 2d ed., 4 vols., 1886-1887, a careful work by one familiar with public questions in Germany; STERN, A., Geschichte Europas seit den Verträgen von 1815 bis zum Frankfurter Frieden von 1871, more recent and excellent (four volumes have appeared, 1894-1905, covering the period from 1815 to 1835); LAVISSE et RAMBAUD, Histoire générale, Vols. X-XII, clear and excellent, dealing with all the broader phases of European development; DEBIDOUR, Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe, 1814–1891, 2 vols.; BourGEOIS, Manuel historique de politique étrangère, 3 vols. (down to 1878), 1905; HERTSLET, Map of Europe by Treaty since 1814, 4 vols., a remarkable collection of the chief treaties and agreements translated into English. There are several convenient annual publications which sum up the history year by year and often give the texts of important documents. There is first and foremost the Annual Register mentioned above. For France, Annuaire historique universel, 1818-1860, and L'Année politique, since 1874; for Germany, Austria, etc., Schulthess, Geschichtskalender, since 1860. The British and Foreign State Papers, annual since 1829, furnish important material for the history of Europe since the year 1812 (see below, pp. 540-541). The voluminous reports of the proceedings in the various parliaments constitute an unwieldy but indispensable source for the political history. La Civiltà Cattolica, issued since 1850 in Rome (four volumes yearly), is the most natural place to look for all papal decrees, bulls, encyclicals, etc. They will be found there in both the original Latin and in Italian. CHAPTER XVII GENERAL POLITICAL HISTORY OF EUROPE FROM 1815 TO 1848 The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, and the works of ANDREWS, FYFFE, SEIGNOBOS, PHILLIPS, and MULLER (mentioned above, p. 521) all furnish good accounts of this period. They may be supplemented by the Histoire générale, Vol. X; STERN, Geschichte Europas seit den Verträgen von 1815, Vols. I-IV (to 1835); DEBIDOUR, HERTSLET, and BOURGEOIS, also mentioned above. A suggestive general review of the period is given in The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, chap. i; MAL LESON GR Life of D. The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, chaps. ii, iii, and xv, are de- France, voted to France from 1815 to 1848. On pages 792 and 845 one will find 1815-1848 enumerated the old voluminous histories of the Restoration for which he is likely to find little time nowadays. Histoire générale, Vol. X, chaps. iii, vii, x-xii. ANDERSON, Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1901, is useful but sometimes inaccurate in translation. DUVERGIER, Collection complète des lois, décrets, etc. (1824-1875), 75 vols., gives a vast number of important documents. TRIPIER, Constitutions qui ont régi la France depuis 1789. For Belgium and Holland, The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, Belgium chap. xvi; SEIGNOBOS, chap. viii; and Histoire générale, Vol. X, chap. ix, all of which give ample bibliographies. For the German Confederation, The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. Germany, X, chap. xi. SYBEL, H., Founding of the German Empire, Vol. I, gives an 1815-1848 illuminating account of German history following the treaties of 1815. Histoire générale, Vol. X, chap. xvii. TREITSCHKE, Deutsche Geschichte, 5 vols., 1886-1895, comes down to 1848 (by a very able but highly Prussian writer). The Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, in 40 volumes, is an admirable biographical dictionary in which an account can be found of all the important public men in Germany. The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, chaps. iv-v, deal with Italy Italy and the Papal States. Much the best thing for English readers is THAYER, W. R., Dawn of Italian Independence, 2 vols., 1893, scholarly and remarkably well written. See also CESARESCO, Liberation of Italy, and STILLMAN, The Union of Italy, 1815-1895, both by writers who lived long in Italy. For Spain, The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, chaps. vi-x, with Spain and excellent bibliographies; SEIGNOBOS, chap. x; Histoire générale, Vol. X, her colonies chap. xxiii; CLARKE, H. B., Modern Spain, 1815-1898, 1906; HUME, MARTIN, A. S., Modern Spain (Story of the Nations Series); TEMPERLEY, Life of Canning, 1905. CHAPTER XVIII THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION There is no history of the Industrial Revolution in Europe as a whole. The IndusGIBBINS, Economic and Industrial Progress of the Century, 1903, written trial Revolution in general for the general reader, contains chapters on France and Germany as well as England. COCHRANE, Modern Industrial Progress, 1904, a popular description of some best striking mechanical inventione General Industrial MCVEY, Modern Industrialism, 1905; The Cambridge Modern History, CUNNINGHAM, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, edition works on the of 1903, Vol. II; CHEYNEY, Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England, 1901, especially full on the Industrial Revolution in England and the nineteenth century; TOYNBEE, ARNOLD, Lectures on the In Revolution France Germany Guidance for advanced work dustrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, 1902, not a connected account, but a collection of somewhat unrelated lectures bearing on the subject; HOBSON, J. A., The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, 1904, 2d ed., full and excellent account of the origin and tendencies of modern industry; WARNER, G. T., Landmarks in English Industrial History, 1899, contains clear and valuable chapters on the Industrial Revolution; TAYLOR, R. W. C., The Modern Factory System, 1891, a more or less cursory treatment, not very scientific in method but useful; SMILES, SAMUEL, Lives of the Engineers, 1905, contains brief and readable lives of Boulton and Watt; THURSTON, R. H., History of the Steam Engine, 1878, an excellent popular account in the International Scientific Series. The lives of Kay, Arkwright, Hargreaves, Crompton, Newcomen, Watt, Stephenson, and the other great inventors may be studied in the Dictionary of National Biography. The best brief history of the Industrial Revolution in England is the recent French work, MANTOUX, La Révolution industrielle au XVIIIe siècle, 1906. For the industrial development of France consult the great work by LAVASSEUR, E., Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l'industries en France de 1789 à 1870, 2 vols., 1903-1904. For the condition of the working classes in France: REYBAUD, Rapport sur la condition des ouvriers qui vivent de la soie (1860), le coton (1863), la laine (1867), le fer et la houille (1874); Blanqui, A., Les Classes ouvrières en France en 1848– 1849, 1849; LEROY-BEAULIEU, P., La Question ouvrière au XIXe siècle, 1872, Le Travail des femmes au XIXe siècle, 1873; LEVAsseur, La Population française, 3 vols., 1889-1891; FONTAINE, A., Lois sociales, 1895, a collection of laws relating to social reforms. There is no adequate account of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, but SOMBART, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, 1903, and Der moderne Capitalismus, 2 vols., 1902, furnish a detailed account of the rise of the capitalistic method of production and its social results. For technical articles on the great industries, the various encyclopedias in English, French, and German may be consulted with profit. Practical guidance in the advanced study of industrial and economic questions is afforded by the various special encyclopedias· PALGRAVE |