he encountered the Serapis, necessarily drew from his ship some officers, and some of the small proportion of his crew, in whom he placed confidence, to man the prizes. And he, moreover, had received nearly 200 prisoners on board his own ship. Thus situated, with at least 400 British subjects on board the Bon homme Richard, who had rather have blown Paul Jones out of water, than the Serapis, he attacked and grappled that ship, under such circumstances that neither of them could be disengaged until the termination of the battle. Before the close of it, the master-atarms, against Jones's positive orders, released all the prisoners from their irons, and they went upon deck at one of the most critical moments of the action. The Bon homme Richard's side next the enemy was entirely beat in; so that the prisoners could pass into the Serapis without difficulty. Paul Jones took a stand upon an arm chest on the quarter deck, at the commencement of the battle, which he did not quit until the end of it. Therefore he could not tell whether the prisoners went on board the Serapis to assist Capt. Peirson, or remained an incumbrance on board the Bon homme Richard. He rather supposed that a part of them did both, but it being night, it was difficult to ascertain the fact. Paul Jones told me that this was the only moment in which he felt alarmed for the event of the contest. During the battle he received one small wound, which he said "was not worth mentioning," and he found a hole in the skirt of his coat which appeared to have been made by a musket ball. Upon a view of the crews of the Bon homme Richard at the time she sailed from France, the captures he made before the attack upon the Serapis, and the surviving crew of that ship, it is pretty evident, that the commodore, from the time the Bon homme Richard sunk, until he anchored in the Texel with the Serapis, must have had six or seven hundred English subjects on board. And after deducting from his original stock of Americans those that were necessary to man the prizes he had taken, and the killed and wounded in the action with the Serapis, it is probable he had not more than about forty Americans on board to participate with him the shouts of joy which was expressed by almost all Europe. Upon his arrival in Holland, almost every man and child in that country rushed into the streets, singing Paul Jones the Conqueror! Thus much from the frequent conversation I had with the Commodore at the Hague and Amsterdam a few years after the battle.

'I have been surprised at the English story of Paul Jones's fears of being intercepted by English ships, or of appearing himself in England after the peace; as I perfectly well remember, and I think it was about the year '86 or '87, meeting Com. Jones in Cranbourne Alley, Leicester Square, one of the most frequented places in London, by all ranks, from prince to beggar. I sa

luted him, we walked some time together, we then entered a large boot shop; he bought a pair of boots, and desired the master to send them to his lodgings, at the same time giving his address thus; "Capt. Jones, Asburn's Hotel, Adelphi Buildings."-I have been particular in the last article, as proof that I was not mistaken in the man.'

Remarks on the Disorders of Literary Men, or an Inquiry into the Means of preventing the Evils usually incident to Sedentary and Studious Habits. Boston. 1825. 12mo. pp. 92.

THE design of this work is good, but we doubt whether the execution is such as to make it very useful or popular. The style is too diffuse and wandering, and there is too much of

that

"Which squires call potter and which men call prose,"

to permit its being an attractive work to those, for whose use it is designed. Moreover the author is too apt to forget, in his recommendations, some of the circumstances of the case. This is not an uncommon fault with professional men; who occasionally give advice, which a little reflection might teach them will never be followed, and which is therefore useless. In like manner our author informs literary men, that

"They should select a place of residence which is elevated, and exposed to free currents on as many sides as possible. If there must be one side closed up, let it be that which faces the east ;but it is little less than suicide, for an individual whose pursuits are sedentary, to select an habitation in the very midst of a city."

And again, that

*

"Their walks should not be through the confined streets of a busy metropolis, but on the banks of deep rivers, or the borders of the ocean--where there is not only a refreshing coolness and invigorating purity in the atmosphere, but where there is some beautiful fall or craggy shore-some strand whose bosom is alternately bathed and bared by the foaming and the refluent waves, -or some distant and romantic scene which engages the imagination and elevates the soul, and thus diffuses over the whole frame an agreeable excitement, which contributes at the same time to its developement and its strength. The neighbourhood of shallow rivers, which are often dry, and the banks of which are

polluted by decaying animal matter, are to be as studiously avoided, as those which are deep and pure are to be frequented. He advises the student

"to follow the advice of Marcus Antoninius, who has said,'When you would recreate yourself, reflect on the laudable qualities of your acquaintance.' This agreeable occupation exhilarates, at the same time that it gently exercises both the feelings and the mind."

This is all true enough indeed, but, for any use it will be to literary men, might as well have been confined to the author's own hosom; perhaps better, since it may excite in their minds sensations, not the most favourable to the success of such of his advice, as is really valuable.

The limits of this review will not permit us to examine the work in detail. We shall merely set down a few remarks which occurred to us on the perusal of it.

The first chapter gives "a General Sketch of the Manner in which the Disorders of Men of Letters are induced." These seem to be mainly, according to our author, intemperance in the use of food and the neglect of exercise. He does not notice one of great importance, the habit of studying at late hours. One remark indeed would seem to imply, that he does not consider this practice injurious. Now in our opinion, though the students of this country undoubtedly sin in both the first particulars, they are equally, if not more culpable in regard to the last; nor do we believe any point in hygiene better established than that of the danger of the midnight lamp.

On pages 16 and 17 we find the following remarks:

"It might be thought going too far to attribute to each portion of the brain its particular function, and to maintain that its developement is connected with that of a certain talent or propensity of the mind; though this doctrine can boast its powerful defenders and its rational defence. The growth of this organ usually accompanies the developement of the mind."

* *

*

"The eye is affected only by light, and the ear by sound. The brain, too, has its causes of excitement. The exercise of the mental powers determines the blood to this organ, and produces a temporary orgasm; and from analogy we may infer, that this exercise, become habitual, must be followed by the general developement of the organ, or the increase of those parts which correspond to the faculties called into exercise."

All this smells in our nostrils of craniology, one of the last systems, which we should have expected to find in this day and country treated with any respect in a book, which purports to be grave and rational. We should as soon think however of combating a disciple Mesmer or Cagliostro as a believer in Gall and Spurzheim. We would merely ask the author whether the growth of the thumb and finger, as well as that of the brain, does not accompany the developement of the mind, and whether the eye of the painter or the ear of the musician is any bigger than the corresponding ornaments to the heads of those of us who have as vague notions of chiaroscuro, as we have of the difference between a flat and a natural.

On page 23 we find the following assertion :

"Hæmoptysis and consumption, so direful in their effects, are principally caused, in literary men, by the vitious position of the chest in studying, and by fatigue from continued effort of the lungs."

We have usually supposed that the hæmoptyses and consumption, which sweep off so many both of the wise and foolish in England and America, were the result of tubercular affections of the lungs, and though these may unquestionably be brought into action by the causes abovementioned, they may and are excited by so many others, that we object decidedly to such inaccurate views of the case.

On the sixty-first page are the following observations:

"In hot weather, when the system is subjected to the relaxing influence of continued heat, a little brandy and water with dinner will be found salutary."

*

"A glass or two of good old Sherry, Madeira, or Port, is an agreeable and salutary stimulus to the digestive function when taken after dinner."

We deny both positions. We utterly deny that Brandy, Madeira, Sherry, Port, or any vinous or alcoholic liquor whatever, is ever necessary to those who are already in good health, or who have not eaten more food, than their stomach can or ought to digest, without such artificial aid. And we believe that students are the last persons, and hot weather the last time, for the use of either. We consider the whole of this doctrine as. a Brunonian abomination, and one that needs any thing but encouragement in this country, the more is the pity that it should be so.

To the observation, a few pages farther, that " an apple perhaps, or some such light supper, would not be injurious," we shall only oppose the extract from the "wisdom of ages," which teaches, that "Fruit is gold in the morning, silver at noon, and lead at night," and which our individual experience has amply confirmed.

After thus remarking upon the parts of this little volume which we consider objectionable, it is but justice to the author to observe on the other hand, that there is much in it that is true and useful; that there are some judicious physiological remarks and agreeable illustrations, much good advice, that ought to be followed by literary men, and much more, probably, than will be so followed. We fear, to tell the truth, that many of this class cannot plead ignorance of the right way, in this matter, as an excuse for keeping the wrong- We believe that they do not, any more than the rest of the world, act up to the light which they have, and that they need neither ghost nor doctor to tell them, that they eat too much, drink too much, exercise too little, and work that in darkness which ought to be done in the light, and what is more, that they know they shall suffer for it. But the general propensity of the land has nurtured in every class of society habits of selfindulgence, against the encroachments of which maxims are feeble barriers. Literary men in other countries have sacrificed the good things of the body for the good things of the mind; used the temperance and exercise which necessity enjoined, and been healthy often because they could not avoid it. But few of our American literati are likely at present to acquire a name, like one of the ancient, from the breadth of their shoulders, or discover, like another, that whole nights have been rainy.

MISCELLANY.

THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.

III. UTILITY, VALUE, AND price.

THINGS may possess utility; but unless they are objects of exchange, they have no value.

The value of things arises from exchange; and the value of any particular article is estimated by the quantities of other articles at large, which it will purchase.