table, or allow him simply to suffer the natural consequences of his offence. If he intentionally hurt his brother with a whip, the whip must for a time be taken from him. If he betray impatience and selfishness at table, let him be served the last, and with the least indulgence. Such gentle measures, administered with decision, will generally succeed, for it is much more the certainty and immediate execution, than the severity, of punishment, that will avail. A child, who is sure of being confined a quarter of an hour, if he strike his companion, is less likely to commit the offence than another who has only the apprehension that he may be detained an hour; for the hope of escaping with impunity adds no little force to temptation. Correction, also, is not to be unnecessarily delayed or prolonged. Delay renders it less effectual, and more trying to the temper; whilst any needless continuance, in any way, increases the evils, and lessens the benefits, which might result from it.

There is much, in education, to be done by watching our opportunities, by acting at the right season. With most children there is an era, and this often takes place as they are emerging from babyhood, in which a struggle is made for the mastery,-in which it is to be decided who is to rule,-the child, or those who are placed over him. At such a juncture, in order to determine the matter, and firmly to establish authority, it will be necessary to employ vigorous measures, and to suppress the first risings of a rebellious and disobedient spirit, by punishment, decisive; and repeated till submission on the part of the child, and victory on that of the parent, are completely secured. So great is the importance of these contests; so great is the difficulty of carrying them on with the temper, and the union of firmness and affection, which they require, that it is desirable they should be conducted only by a parent. Punishment is more often to be inflicted simply as the consequence of a fault, and not with the idea, that it must be prolonged till the particular action required has been performed.

"A child is desired, for instance, to put up his play-things, and he refuses with so much self-will that his attendant cannot overlook it, and is under the necessity of telling him that he must be confined in the next room for a quarter of an hour; but let her beware of adding, that there he shall stay till he will put them up. This would serve merely to engage in the combat his pride and his obstinacy. At the end of the quarter of an hour she should release him from his imprisonment, without waiting to make conditions for his future obedience.

"It has been said, indeed, that submission, on the part of the offender, is the object of punishment, and such submission as may entitle him to receive complete forgiveness. When a child has been corrected, we should not rest satisfied till this object has been

attained; but it is not, in all cases, to be expected, either during the continuance of the punishment, or immediately afterwards.

"A well trained child, if affectionately admonished after correction is over, and not being irritated at the idea that it may be continued, will generally yield at once; but it is not considered necessary to put this always to the proof. He has committed a fault, and has suffered the consequences. Here it is often wisest to leave the affair for the time, choosing the earliest favourable opportunity, when he has more perfectly recovered himself, for receiving his submission, and assuring him of forgiveness.

"If his attendant have conducted herself in the right spirit, he will have felt the force of her correction, though he may not have shown it at the time. The next day, if she desire him to put up his play-things, he will, pretty certainly, obey with more than common alacrity.

"When a child has been punished, he should be restored as soon as possible to favour; and when he has received forgiveness, treated as if nothing had happened. He may be affectionately reminded of his fault in private, as a warning for the future; but, after peace has been made, to upbraid him with it, especially in the presence of others, is almost a breach of honour, and, certainly, a great unkindness. Under any circumstances, to reproach children in company is equally useless and painful to them, and is generally done from irritability of temper, with little view to their profit.

"We are to remember that shame will not effectually deter children from what is wrong; and that in employing it too much as an instrument of education, we have reason to apprehend we may lead them to act from the fear of man rather than from that of God. Every thing, too, which may in the least injure the characters of children, is to be strictly avoided. To have the name of a naughty child will produce so disheartening an effect upon the mind, that the ill consequences may probably be felt through life. It is on this account desirable, that tutors, governesses, and nurses, be cautious of enlarging upon the faults of those under their care to any but the parents.

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Blame, and even praise, are to be dispensed with nearly as much caution as punishments and rewards; for a child may be called 'good,' 'naughty,' troublesome,' kind,' or unkind,' till either his temper will be kept in continual irritation, or he will listen with perfect indifference.

"A child must not be punished or reproved from the impulse of temper; we may regulate his actions, but we cannot hope to subdue his will, or improve his disposition, by a display of our own wilfulness and irritability; for our example will more than counteract the good effects of our correction. If irritated, we should

wait till we are cool, before we inflict punishment, and then do it as a duty, in exact proportion to the real faultiness of the offender; not to the degree of vexation he has occasioned ourselves. A child should be praised, reproved, rewarded, and corrected, not according to the consequences, but according to the motives, of his actionssolely with reference to the right or wrong intention which has influenced him.

"Children, therefore, should not be punished for mere accidents, but mildly warned against similar carelessness in future. Whereas some people show much greater displeasure with a child for accidentally overthrowing the table, or breaking a piece of china, than for telling an untruth; or, if he hang his head, and will not show off in company, he is more blamed than for selfishness in the nursery. But does not such treatment arise from preferring our own gratification to the good of the child? and can we hope, by thus doing, to improve him in the government of his temper, or to instruct him in the true standard of right and wrong?

"Punishment, administered in anger, is no longer the discipline of love, but bears too much the character of revenging an injury, and will certainly excite in the sufferer a corresponding temper of mind. From fear, indeed, he may yield externally, but the feelings of his heart would lead him to resentment rather than to penitence and submission. And let it never be forgotten, that if we desire to perform our duties to children, it is not to their outward conduct, but to the heart, that we must direct our chief attention.

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"To punish with effect requires decision, and sometimes courage. If, in addition to this, our punishments carry with them the stamp of love; if they are inflicted with an undisturbed serenity of temper, with a simple view to the good of the offender, not for our pleasure, but for his profit,' they will rarely fail in accomplishing the intended purpose; for children have a quick sense of the motives that influence us, and their hearts are not unfrequently as much softened, and their affections as powerfully called forth by such correction, as by the most gratifying rewards that could be bestowed upon them."

INTELLIGENCE.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE.

FROM a London paper, we learn, that at a meeting of the Royal Society of Literature, the Secretary read a communication from Mr Sharon Turner, containing a further elucidation of the following principles, advanced by the author in a former paper, respecting the origin of the resemblances and diversities of languages:

1. "That there are affinities existing in most of the known languages of the world, which cannot, with any reasonable probability, be attributed to chance."

2. "That these affinities occur in terms which are likely to have been used by the earliest progenitors of mankind, because they express the most endearing feelings, or the most common ideas; but that they exist in every language, like so many fragments, more or less insulated, amid a general mass of the greatest diversities."

3. "That in endeavouring to trace the historical causation both of these affinities and these diversities, facts and reasonings having been adduced to suggest, that an early disruption and dispersion of the primitive society of the human race, while it was existing as an unseparated association, were competent to produce these phenomena; and no literary record having been transmitted to us, nor the tradition of any other cause, we may satisfactorily adopt the Mosaic narration of the confusion of Babel, as sufficient to account for the affinities and diversities, which all languages will be found to exhibit when compared with each other." Mr Turner supports his principles by copious tables of words, illustrative of the affinities of languages above alluded to.

NATIVES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

THE natives of these islands are generally well made, and bear strong marks of activity and muscular vigour; they are in general somewhat larger than the Javanese, and bear some affinity in the features of their faces to the Malays; their noses are, however, more prominent; and their cheek bones not so high, nor their skins so dark. Their hair is of a jet black, made glossy by the constant application of cocoa-nut oil, as is the custom in all India, and drawn together and knotted on the top in the manner of the Malays. The women display great taste in the arrangement and decorations of their hair, which they secure with silver or golden bodkins, the heads of which are frequently composed of precious stones.

Great numbers of the Chinese reside in Manilla; and it is to their proverbial industry, that Luçonia owes a considerable part of her revenue. They cultivate the sugar cane and indigo plant, and manufacture them. They farm some important branches of revenue, which increase under their management. A large proportion of the exports of the islands finds its way to the China market through their means, and the imports from that country are proportionally great; the streets are lined with their warehouses and shops, and filled with merchandise

of various descriptions. Their simple mode of living, regulated by the most severe economy, insures them ultimate wealth, as their profits are great and certain.

The staple exports of Manilla are sugar, indigo, coffee, and cotton; of the former the mean annual export of three years, ending in 1817, was seventy-five thousand piculs; and of indigo one thousand and sixty quintals were exported in 1817. The exportation of indigo has since greatly increased. The production of coffee is yet in its infancy, but is rapidly increasing. The cotton is of a fine silky texture, and very white, but of short staple. Some camphor and raw silk are also exported to the United States and Europe. White's Voyage.

VARIETIES.

Population of the State of New York.-The whole population by the returns of the last year, amount to one million six hundred and sixteen thousand four hundred and fifty eight; making a gain during the last five years, of two hundred and forty-two thousand six hundred and forty-eight.

Latitude and Longitude of the Capitol at Washington.-By a report made to both houses of the national legislature, in 1822, by Mr William Lambert, who had been appointed by the President for that purpose, it appears that the latitude of the centre of the Capitol, by observation, is 38° 52′ 45′′ north; and its longitude from Greenwich 75° 55′ 30' west; and from Paris 79° 15′ 41′′ west.

Law Tracts.-P. Thomson, of Washington, has in press, and will publish in the course of a few weeks, a collection of the tracts, essays, and correspondence on the improvement of our jurisprudence, which have been elicited by Mr Sampson's well known discourse on the history of the common law. The volume will contain Mr Sampson's Discourse, with a large and valuable correspondence from some of the most distinguished men of the age, as well as several tracts of great merit and interest, by learned and able lawyers and scholars, many of whom are now in high public stations. Athenæum Magazine.

Flora of Brazil.-A new scientific work, under this title, by M. Auguste de St Hilaire, is about to appear in Paris. Baron Humboldt has made his report on it to the Institute in the most flattering terms.

Göthe, in his eightieth year, has just republished his celebrated Werter, so popular in Germany half a century ago. He brings it forth once more, enriched with a prologue of a sentence or two, of which the following is a translation:

"Once more, O shade so much lamented! thou darest to venture in the broad glare of day! You trip over a fresh field of flowers to throw yourself in my way, and are not afraid to look me in my face, as if you still existed in the fresh morning of your life! My destiny has been to remain on earth--and thine to quit it; thou hast passed away like a shadow, nor hast thou lost much by it."

Quarterly Review.-After the next publication of the Quarterly Review, Mr Coleridge retires from the editorship, to give himself more entirely up to his increasing professional duties; and his literary place is to be supplied by Mr Lockhart, the author of several well known popular works, and son-in-law to Sir Walter Scott.