special cars. For the Boston suburban district also railroads must provide commutation tickets for not more than 25 trips at such price that the fare for each trip shall not exceed the lowest rate now charged between Boston and the particular point, except the rate for season tickets on workingmen's trains.1

Race distinctions. A Georgia law requires separate compartments for white and colored passengers on sleeping cars and laws of Virginia require separate cars and separate compartments on steamboats.3 South Carolina, which formerly required separate compartments in cars, now requires separate cars.1

Street railways. New Jersey has provided that street railway companies may agree to share the cost of widening country roads, and that companies owning adjacent or adjoining lines may be merged by the unanimous vote of each board of directors. Massachusetts has required street and elevated railways except the Boston elevated railway company, to transport scholars to and from school at half fare, tickets to be sold in lots of 10 each.6

Public health. Virginia has adopted a revision of its health laws. Under the new system there is a state board of health consisting of seven members appointed by the governor for terms of four years on nomination of the state medical society. The local boards consist of the clerk of the municipal or county court and three physicians appointed by the court on recommendation of the local medical society, and the local health authorities must report monthly to the state board cases of infectious or contagious diseases. The state board is authorized: to annul or modify any regulation of a local board concerning a matter which in its judgment affects public health beyond the jurisdiction of the local board; to appoint a local health officer, if a local board is not appointed; to make suggestions for regulating contagious diseases and, if they are not carried out by the local board, to assume exclusive control of the regula tion of the disease; to require the local health authorities to

1Mass. '00 ch. 395. Ga. '99 p. 66. Va. '00 ch. 226, 312. S. C. '00 ch. 262. N. J. '00 ch. 58, 138, Mass. '00 ch. 197. Va. '00 ch. 1146.

furnish periodically such vital statistics as it may prescribe; to have the products of suspected cases of contagious disease examined on request of any physician.

New Jersey,1 South Carolina2 and Virginia3 have provided regulations for the transportation of bodies of persons dying of contagious diseases. In New York a tenement house commission has been appointed by the governor to investigate tenement houses in cities of 250,000 and report to the legislature of 1901.4 This state has also provided for a pulmonary tuberculosis hospital in the Adirondacks.5 The hospital is placed in charge of a board of trustees consisting of five members appointed by the governor for terms of five years, serving without salary. The board appoints a superintendent and treasurer and also physicians in each city to examine patients applying for admission. Practice of embalming. In 1894 Alabama and Virginia' passed laws for the examination and licensing of embalmers. Missouris and Pennsylvania followed in 1895, New York10 in 1893 and Nebraska, New Hampshire,12 South Dakota,13 West Virginia1 and Georgia15 in 1899.

Practice of medicine and dentistry. Iowa,16 Ohio and Virginia18 have been added to the list of states requiring an examination in all cases for the practice of medicine, making 32 states and territories in all. All the other states, except Kansas,19 require approval of a medical diploma or an examination by a duly qualified board. South Carolina has created a state board of homeopathic medical examiners with powers and duties similar to those of the regular state board.20 Iowa21 has been added to the list of states requiring examination in all cases for the practice of dentistry, there being now 24 such states. The other states, except Wyoming,22 require approval of a dental diploma or an examination by a duly qualified board. Louisiana has created a state board of dentistry of five members appointed by

1N. J. '00 ch. 156. S. C. '00 ch. 224. Va. '00 ch. 393. N. Y. '00 ch. 279. N. Y. '00 ch. 416. “Ala. 34 ch. 63. “Va. ’94 ch. 625. *Mo. ’96 p. 174-75. *Pa. ’95 ch. 107. 10 N. Y. '98 ch. 555. 11 Neb. '99 ch. 52. 12 N. H. '99 ch. 76. 13S D. '99 ch. 87. 1 W. Va. '99 ch. 60. 15 Ga. '99 p. 70. 16 Ia. '00 ch. 89. 170. '00 p. 197. 18 Va. '00 ch, 1148. 19 Kansas requires only presentation of diploma or other certificate of qualification to unqualified local officers. 20 S. C. '00 ch. 232. 21la. '00 ch. 91. 22 Wyoming requires only presentation of diploma to unqualified local officers.

the governor for terms of seven years, to take the place of the previous board of examining dentists.1

Pure food. Virginia has been added to the list of states, now 24 in all, having general pure food laws.2 In only a few states however, is there any adequate provision for their enforcement. The laws usually provide that any article shall be deemed adulterated and its sale unlawful if it contains any inferior or poisonous substance, if any valuable ingredient has been removed, if it is an imitation of or sold under the name of another article, if it is unwholesome or infected, if it is colored to conceal inferiority, etc.; but certain common mixtures are permitted if labeled to show ingredients. The Virginia law provides that the board of agriculture shall analyze foods and report violations to prosecuting officers. Kentucky has passed an act generally amending its pure food law of 1898.3

Illuminating oils. Engineers. Georgia has provided for the ap pointment of a state inspector of oils by the commissioner of agriculture. Iowa requires lamps for the lighter products of petroleum, manufactured or sold for public use, to be approved by the state board of health.5 Ohio has repealed its law of 1885 authorizing cities and villages to provide for licensing engineers and has passed an act making it unlawful to operate steam boilers or engines of 35 horse power, other than locomotives, without a state license. The governor is to appoint a chief examiner and six district examiners.

Accountants. Maryland' has created a board of four examiners of public accountants, appointed by the governor for terms of two years. The law provides that certified public accountants must have a certificate from the governor. Provision for the examination and certification of public accountants was made by New York in 1896 and Pennsylvania in 1899.

Department stores. In 1899 Missouri passed an act designed to prohibit department stores.10 The act classifies merchandise in 73 classes and 28 groups and prohibits the sale of more than one

'La. '00 ch. 88. Va. '00 ch. 655. Ky. '00 ch. 13. Ga. '99 p. 75. Ia. '00 ch. 83. 0. '85 p. 13; '00 p. 33. Md. '00 ch. 719. N. Y. '96 ch. 312. Pa. '99 ch. 17. 10 Mo. '99 p. 72.

group in cities of 50,000 except on the payment of a license of from $300 to $500 for each additional group or class sold. Establishments employing not more than 15 persons are exempt from the provisions of the act. This act has been declared unconstitutional by the state supreme court on the ground that taxes must be uniform and that the legislature may not levy a tax for city purposes or deprive persons of liberty without due process. of law.1

Trading stamps. The use of trading stamps was prohibited by Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, and Vermont in 1898, by New Hampshire and Rhode Island' in 1899 and during the past year by Louisianas and New York.9 The Rhode Island law has been declared unconstitutional by the state supreme court on the ground that the act is not a valid exercise of the police power and that it deprives citizens of liberty and abridges their privileges and immunities.10 In 1899 Tennessee passed an act requiring state trading stamp companies to pay a $500 privilege tax in each county and firms using the stamp a tax of $250.11

Manufactures in the south. The enterprise of the southern states in their industrial development is shown by two acts of this year by Mississippi, one offering five years exemption from taxation for all new enterprises established before 1910 and the other providing for the establishment of a textile school.12

Agriculture. In Iowa a department of agriculture has been created to include the agricultural societies, the state weather and crop service and the offices of the diary commissioner and state veterinarian.13 The department is to be managed by a state board of agriculture consisting of the president of the state agricultural college, the dairy commissioner, the state veterinarian and also a president and vice-president, and one member from each congressional district, elected at an annual agricultural convention composed of the state board of agriculture and of delegates from the agricultural societies. The board has general supervision of the agricultural interests of the state and holds the

4 Va. '98 ch.

1 State v. Ashbrook, 55 S. W. 627. 2 Md. '98 ch. 207. Mass. '98 ch. 576. 406. Vt. '98 ch. 123. N. H. '99 ch. 60. R. I. '99 ch. 652. La. '00 ch. 35. N. Y. '00 ch. 768. 10 State v. Dalton, 46 A. 234. "Tenn. '99 ch. 27, 207. 12 Miss. '00 ch. 18, 48. 13 Ia. '00 ch. 58.

state fair and state farmers institute. In New York the management of the state fair has been transferred to a commission consisting of the lieutenant-governor, commissioner of agriculture and nine persons appointed by the governor.1

Horticulture. Ohio has authorized the board of control of the agricultural experiment station to inspect nurseries, orchards, gardens, etc. and treat trees diseased or infested with insects.2 Plants shipped into the state must bear a certificate of inspection. In Virginia the board of control of the experiment station has been constituted a board of crop pest commissioners with power to appoint a state entomologist, publish a list of pests and diseases of plants and provide for the quarantine and annual inspection of nursery stock.3 There are now 20 states that have created a board of horticulture or a state entomologist to investigate diseases and pests and with power in many cases to take the necessary measures to prevent their spread.

Veterinary medicine. Iowa has created a state board of veteri nary medical examiners of three members appointed by the governor. After January 1, 1901, all applicants for a license must be graduates of a recognized veterinary school and must pass an examination. This makes six states that require an examination in all cases for the practice of veterinary medicine. Seven others require a diploma, examination or certification of some kind.

Commercial feeding stuffs. In 1897 Massachusetts and Maine provided for inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs. Vermont followed in 1898, Connecticut,8 New York and Rhode Island10 in 1899 and Maryland and New Jersey12 in 1900.

1N. Y. '00 ch. 316. 20. '00 p. 221. Va. '00 ch. 572. Ia. '00 ch. 93. Me. '97 ch. 334. Vt. '98 ch. 83. Ct. '99 ch. 219. N. Y. '99 ch. 687. 12 N. J. '00 ch. 29.

uMd. '00 ch. 287.

Mags. '97 ch. 117. 10 R. I. '99 ch. 631.